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Neuroanatomy > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Serve four general sensory functions and motor functions
Regulate vision, audition, olfaction, gustation and speech
Can be sensory, motor or mixed nerves
Most cranial nerve nuclei are located in the ventricular floor of the brainstem
Bilateral
Paired
contralateral

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2
Q

cranial nerve mnemonic

A

On Old Olympus Towering Top a Fin and German Vended at Hops

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3
Q

12 cranial nerve names

A

Olfactory,Optic, Occulomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal Abducens, Facial , Acoustic (VC), Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal

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4
Q

Olfactory Nerve

A 
Sensory
Age 60-65 begin to lose sense of smell
Anosmia
Hyperosmia
Hyposmia
Bilateral lesions have a drastic effect on sense of smell
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5
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Sensory
Selected visual field loss
Lesion of entire optic nerve would result in complete blindness

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6
Q

Oculomotor

A

Motor
TBI
Ptosis
strabismus

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7
Q

Trochlear

A

Motor
Weakness or paralysis of the superior oblique muscle
diplopia

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8
Q

Trigeminal

A

Mixed
Sensory
Principal sensory nerve for the head, face, orbit and oral cavity
Mediates sensations of pain temperature, and discriminative touch from face, head, oral and nasal cavities, teeth and anterior two thirds of the tongue, auditory meatus

Motor
Motor supplies the jaw muscles
Controls mastication

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9
Q

Trigeminal Branches

A

Sensory and motor together form the jaw jerk reflex Has three sensory branches ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

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10
Q

Ophthalmic Branch

A 
Mediates the sensations of touch, pain and temperature from the ‘skin of the forehead
Anterior scalp
Eyeball
Upper eyelid
Cornea
Anterior and lateral surface of the nose
Frontal and nasal sinuses
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11
Q

Maxillary Branch

A

Sensation from

Temples
Posterior portion of nose
Upper cheeks
Lower eyelids
Upper lip
Upper gum 
Soft and hard palate
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12
Q

Mandibular branch

A

Largest branch
Mediates sensation from the skin on the sides of the scalp
Lowe gums
The mouth
External auditory meatus
External surface of the tympanic membrane
Anterior two thirds of the tongue

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13
Q

Motor functions

A

Controls the muscles of mastication

Internal and external pterygoid, temporalis, and masseter also the mylohyoid, anterior belly of the digastric, tensor veli palatine and tensor tympani

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14
Q

Clinical Correlates of Trigemial Nerve

A

Sensory
Ipsilateral loss of sensation in the area of distribution of the nerve
Loss of sneezing and blinking reflex
Trigeminal neuralgia (usually ophthalmic or mandibular branch)

Motor
Flaccid paresis or paralysis of the ipsilateral muscles of mastication
Muscle atrophy

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15
Q

Abducens

A

Motor
Contributes to ocular movements
Medial strabismus

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16
Q

Facial Nerve

A

Mixed
Primarily a motor nerve for the muscles of facial expression
Strapedius muscle
Small sensory component for taste sensation from the anterior two thirds of the tongue and nasopharynx

17
Q

facial nerve clinical coorelates

A

Pons
Paralysis of the ipsilateral facial muscles
Excessive gland secretions
Loss of taste from the anterior two thirds of the tongue

Fibers beyond stylomastoid
Paralysis of ipsilateral half of the facial muscles

Motor root
Taste sensation from anterior two thirds of the tongue
Excessive gland secretions

LMN or bilateral cortical lesion

Paralysis of all the upper and lower muscles in the face
Articulation deficits of labial and labiodental sounds

UMN or pseudobulbar palsy

Bilateral facial palsy
Profound impairments in motor speech
Preservation of emotional expression while facial muscles are paralyzed for voluntary control

18
Q

Auditory

A

Vestibulocochlear
sensory
Mediates head position (equilibrium) in space
hearing

19
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve

A

A purely sensory nerve, it carries afferent messages associated with a sense of equilibrium from the vestibular apparatus and semicircular canals. It also carries impulses associated with hearing from the cochlea of the inner ear.

20
Q

glossopharyngeal

A

Mixed
Mediates touch, pain, tension and temperature sensations from intraoral structures
Sensation from upper pharynx, tonsils, Eustachian tube, middle ear cavity, soft palate
Taste information from posterior third of the tongue
Contributes to swallowing

21
Q

glossopharyngeal clinical coorelates

A

Lesion is rare
Partial paresis of the unilateral stylopharyngeal muscle
Impairing the ipsilateral pharyngeal elevation
Loss of gag reflex
Excessive oral secretion

22
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

Mixed
Wanderer
More extensive distribution then any other cranial nerve
90% sensory 10% motor
Control of the muscles used for phonation and swallowing
Innervates cardiac muscles
Smooth muscles of the esophagus, stomach, intestines
Innervates muscles of the pharynx and larynx
Sensation of pain, touch, pressure from mucosa of the pharynx, epiglottis, trachea, bronchi, esophagus, and stomach
Regulates cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal functions

23
Q

Accessory

A

Motor
Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid

Clinical correlates

Ability to control head movements

24
Q

Hypoglossal

A

Motor
Controls tongue movement
Innervates all ipsilateral intrinsic and most extrinsic tongue muscles except the palatoglossal

25
Q

Hypoglossal Clincal Coorelates

A

Unilateral paralyzed ipsilateral half of tongue
Becomes flaccid and wrinkled and eventually atrophy
Dysarthria
Chewing difficulties
On protrusion, the tongue deviates to the side of the lesion

Bilateral

Severe difficulty in oral stage of swallowing eating and speaking
Significant articulation difficulties

26
Q

Cranial nerve syndromes

A 
Weber
Millard Gubler
Locked in syndrome
Wallenberg
Dejerine
27
Q

Weber

A 
Midbrain lesion
Oculomotor nerve
Contralateral hemiplegia
Ipsilateral ocular paralysis
Ptosis
Pupil dilation
Lateral deviation of the ipsilateral eye
28
Q

Millard-Gubler

A

Lower pons lesion

Facial nerve
Descending motor fibers
Marked contralateral hemiplegia
Ipsilateral facial paralysis
Motor speech disorder
29
Q

Locked In Syndrome

A

Bilateral pons lesion
Interrupts all the descending corticospinal fibers
Quadriplegia
Loss of all motor speech functions
Patient remains fully awake and can blink only
TBI

30
Q

Wallenburg

A

Lateral medulla lesion
Loss of pain sensation from the ipsilateral face and contralateral side of the body
Limited motor and speech movements of the pharynx, larynx, and soft palate

31
Q

Dejerine

A

Medial Medulla Lesion
Contralateral hemiplegia contralateral loss of proprioception and vibration
Ipsilateral lingual paralysis

Neuroanatomy (16 decks)

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