chapter 1 Flashcards
Who identified a language disorder caused by reduced auditory comprehension instead of impaired expression
Wernicke in 1874
How much of the US population is estimated to have some form of a chronic or acquired neurologic disorder
More than 20% (50 million)
What is the leading cause of Aphasia?
Strokes (600-700 thousand people each year)
Vascular disorders
(thrombosis, embolism, hemorrhage)
Neoplastic conditions
(benign or malignant tumors)
Cortical degenerative diseases
(ALS, Pick disease, Alzheimers)
Myelin degeneration
(MS, Guillain-Barre syndrome
Motor disorders
(Parkinson, Huntington chorea)
Bacterial and viral infections
(meningitis, encephalitis)
Other diseases that disrupt the normal structural and physiological properties of the nervous system
Cellular toxicity (drugs)
Epileptic disorders
Traumatic brain injury
Surgical intervention to treat a disease of the nervous system
Removal of tumors
Extraction of blood clots
Excision of vascular aneurysms
Arteriovenous malformations
Neuroanatomy
Structural organization of the nervous system
Defines the structural elements of the nervous system
Neurons
Fiber tracts
Vascular networks
neuroradiology technology
X-ray Angiography CT scan computer tomography MRI magnetic resonance imaging SPECT single photon emission computed tomography PET positron emission tomography MEG magnetoencephalography
neuroembryology
Growth of the nervous system during the embryonic periods of development from conception to 7 weeks all brains structures have anatomically emerged and are in place by 7 weeks
Teratology
Teratology is the study of fetal malformations
neurophysiology
Focuses on the functional properties of the nervous system with respect to structural, chemical, and electrical composition
Neuropathology deals with the nature, cause and diagnosis of diseased tissue in the brain and spinal cord
Principles governing the human brain
- Interrconnectivity in the brain
- Centrality of the central nervous system
- Hierarchy of neuraxial organization
- Laterality of brain organization
- Functional networking
- Topographical representation
- Plasticity in the brain
- Culturally neutral brain
*Interrconnectivity in the brain
Allows the brain to connect messages to the other part of the brain.
What’s the largest connection in the brain?
Corpus Collosum
Centrality of the central nervous system
Everything is midlined. Your brainstem, spinal cord, is all central. Everything fuses center in utero.
Hierarchy of neuraxial organization
There are certain systems that are more important than others. Autonomic, chemical, visceral, and skin and all these systems together regulate blood pressure, body temperature, respiration, sleep)
Interconnectivity in the brain
Specific primary sensory and motor regions in the cerebrum are connected through association and commissural fibers
Cortical association areas are directly connected to each other
Primary cortical areas are ___________through the cortical association areas
Primary cortical areas are indirectly connected through the cortical association areas
The cortical association areas serve as _______ through which the primary cortical areas are ____________
The cortical association areas serve as a hub through which the primary cortical areas are indirectly connected
The two hemispheres are connected through the __________________ fibers
The two hemispheres are connected through the interhemispheric commissural fibers
Centrality of central nervous system
Cns integrates all incoming and outgoing information
- No two parts in the peripheral body can directly communicate with each other
- All forms of communication between the body and its parts is mediated through the CNS
Hierarchy in Neuraxial organization
- Spinal cord lowest level
- Brainstem and diencephalon intermediate level
- Cerebral cortex highest level
*The complexity of information processing increases as the level of processing becomes more brain controlled
Topographical representation (homunculus)
drawing of the brain to represent how much of the motor cortex controls certain functions of the body.
Plasticity in the brain
Also called neuroplasticity
- Ability to change as a result of experience
- Reorganize and gradually modify tissue functions when faced with pathologies
- Greatest in the early years and diminishes with age but never ends
Planes of brain section
Sagittal
Mid sagittal
coronal
Horizontal/transverse
sagittal
right and left halves
Mid sagittal
exactly equal (parasagittal would be not equal left and right halves)
coronal (frontal)
front and back halves
horizontal (transverse)
upper and lower portions
coronal (frontal)
front and back halves- (divides body into anterior and posterior planes)
Caudal
toward the tail (back of the head)
Anterior/ Ventral
Toward the front
Posterior/ Dorsal
Toward the back
Superior
Toward the top (above)
Inferior
Toward the bottom
left (latin)
sinister
right (latin)
dexter
Lateral
any structures on the side of the body (away from the mid-sagittal plane)
medial
toward the midline
flexion
bending of the limb
extension
straightening of the limb
abduction
away from the midline
adduction
toward the (think of vocal folds coming together)
supination
rotating up (palm)
pronation
rotating down (palm)
Tremor-
repetitive movement
Resting- when you’re at rest
Action- when you’re moving and get a tremor
quadriplegia
All four limbs are involved (usually spinal injury)
Diplegia
All four limbs are involve. Both legs are more seveerly affected than the arms
hemiplegia
One side of the body is affected. The arm is usually more involved than the led.
triplegia
Three limbs are involved, usually both arms and a leg.
Monoplegia
Only one limb is affected, usually an arm.
gyrus (pl. gyri)
a ridge in the brain matter
sulcus (pl. sulci)
valleys or grooves
fissure
a really large groove
opercular
(not that important) lid or the covering
commisure
a connection- a band of fibers that connects part of the brain to the opposite side of the brain (ex. the brain to the spinal cord)
largest commissure fiber
corpus collosum
corpus collosum
connects right hemisphere to left hemispher
commissure fibers
run horizontal (connections between hemispheres)
afferent (important)
sensory (goes toward the brain)
efferent (important)
motor (goes away from the brain)
ipsilateral
same side
contralateral
opposite sides
presynaptic
before the synapse
postsynaptic
after the synapse
transient
comes and goes
persistent
doesn’t leave
acute
of sudden onset
subacute
below acute (in rehap you go to subacute theapy after acute if you’re not ready to go home)
chronic
on going
projection fibers
carry sensory and motor information vertically.
association fibers
most numerous in the body- contained in one hemisphere (some in left, some in right) they are bidirectional- communicate within one hemisphere to different parts of the hemisphere
decussation
crosses over
myelin
helps with conduction and protects nerve fibers; myelin is white
White matter
Nerve fibers that form tracts
Carry information from one brain site to another
White because myelin lipid (fat like substance surrounding the axons)
structures of the CNS
Consists of the brain and spinal cord
Each hemisphere contains….
Each hemisphere contains the cerebral cortex, and dienephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
