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Neuroanatomy > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who identified a language disorder caused by reduced auditory comprehension instead of impaired expression

A

Wernicke in 1874

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2
Q

How much of the US population is estimated to have some form of a chronic or acquired neurologic disorder

A

More than 20% (50 million)

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3
Q

What is the leading cause of Aphasia?

A

Strokes (600-700 thousand people each year)

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4
Q

Vascular disorders

A

(thrombosis, embolism, hemorrhage)

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5
Q

Neoplastic conditions

A

(benign or malignant tumors)

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6
Q

Cortical degenerative diseases

A

(ALS, Pick disease, Alzheimers)

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7
Q

Myelin degeneration

A

(MS, Guillain-Barre syndrome

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8
Q

Motor disorders

A

(Parkinson, Huntington chorea)

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9
Q

Bacterial and viral infections

A

(meningitis, encephalitis)

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10
Q

Other diseases that disrupt the normal structural and physiological properties of the nervous system

A

Cellular toxicity (drugs)
Epileptic disorders
Traumatic brain injury

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11
Q

Surgical intervention to treat a disease of the nervous system

A

Removal of tumors
Extraction of blood clots
Excision of vascular aneurysms
Arteriovenous malformations

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12
Q

Neuroanatomy

A

Structural organization of the nervous system

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13
Q

Defines the structural elements of the nervous system

A

Neurons
Fiber tracts
Vascular networks

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14
Q

neuroradiology technology

A 
X-ray
Angiography
CT scan computer tomography
MRI magnetic resonance imaging
SPECT single photon emission computed tomography
PET positron emission tomography
MEG magnetoencephalography
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15
Q

neuroembryology

A

Growth of the nervous system during the embryonic periods of development from conception to 7 weeks all brains structures have anatomically emerged and are in place by 7 weeks

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16
Q

Teratology

A

Teratology is the study of fetal malformations

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17
Q

neurophysiology

A

Focuses on the functional properties of the nervous system with respect to structural, chemical, and electrical composition

Neuropathology deals with the nature, cause and diagnosis of diseased tissue in the brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

Principles governing the human brain

A
  • Interrconnectivity in the brain
  • Centrality of the central nervous system
  • Hierarchy of neuraxial organization
  • Laterality of brain organization
  • Functional networking
  • Topographical representation
  • Plasticity in the brain
  • Culturally neutral brain
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19
Q

*Interrconnectivity in the brain

A

Allows the brain to connect messages to the other part of the brain.

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20
Q

What’s the largest connection in the brain?

A

Corpus Collosum

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21
Q

Centrality of the central nervous system

A

Everything is midlined. Your brainstem, spinal cord, is all central. Everything fuses center in utero.

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22
Q

Hierarchy of neuraxial organization

A

There are certain systems that are more important than others. Autonomic, chemical, visceral, and skin and all these systems together regulate blood pressure, body temperature, respiration, sleep)

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23
Q

Interconnectivity in the brain

A

Specific primary sensory and motor regions in the cerebrum are connected through association and commissural fibers
Cortical association areas are directly connected to each other

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24
Q

Primary cortical areas are ___________through the cortical association areas

A

Primary cortical areas are indirectly connected through the cortical association areas

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25
Q

The cortical association areas serve as _______ through which the primary cortical areas are ____________

A

The cortical association areas serve as a hub through which the primary cortical areas are indirectly connected

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26
Q

The two hemispheres are connected through the __________________ fibers

A

The two hemispheres are connected through the interhemispheric commissural fibers

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27
Q

Centrality of central nervous system

A

Cns integrates all incoming and outgoing information

  • No two parts in the peripheral body can directly communicate with each other
  • All forms of communication between the body and its parts is mediated through the CNS
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28
Q

Hierarchy in Neuraxial organization

A
  • Spinal cord lowest level
  • Brainstem and diencephalon intermediate level
  • Cerebral cortex highest level

*The complexity of information processing increases as the level of processing becomes more brain controlled

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29
Q

Topographical representation (homunculus)

A

drawing of the brain to represent how much of the motor cortex controls certain functions of the body.

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30
Q

Plasticity in the brain

Also called neuroplasticity

A
  • Ability to change as a result of experience
  • Reorganize and gradually modify tissue functions when faced with pathologies
  • Greatest in the early years and diminishes with age but never ends
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31
Q

Planes of brain section

A

Sagittal
Mid sagittal
coronal
Horizontal/transverse

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32
Q

sagittal

A

right and left halves

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33
Q

Mid sagittal

A

exactly equal (parasagittal would be not equal left and right halves)

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34
Q

coronal (frontal)

A

front and back halves

35
Q

horizontal (transverse)

A

upper and lower portions

36
Q

coronal (frontal)

A

front and back halves- (divides body into anterior and posterior planes)

37
Q

Caudal

A

toward the tail (back of the head)

38
Q

Anterior/ Ventral

A

Toward the front

39
Q

Posterior/ Dorsal

A

Toward the back

40
Q

Superior

A

Toward the top (above)

41
Q

Inferior

A

Toward the bottom

42
Q

left (latin)

A

sinister

43
Q

right (latin)

A

dexter

44
Q

Lateral

A

any structures on the side of the body (away from the mid-sagittal plane)

45
Q

medial

A

toward the midline

46
Q

flexion

A

bending of the limb

47
Q

extension

A

straightening of the limb

48
Q

abduction

A

away from the midline

49
Q

adduction

A

toward the (think of vocal folds coming together)

50
Q

supination

A

rotating up (palm)

51
Q

pronation

A

rotating down (palm)

52
Q

Tremor-

A

repetitive movement
Resting- when you’re at rest
Action- when you’re moving and get a tremor

53
Q

quadriplegia

A

All four limbs are involved (usually spinal injury)

54
Q

Diplegia

A

All four limbs are involve. Both legs are more seveerly affected than the arms

55
Q

hemiplegia

A

One side of the body is affected. The arm is usually more involved than the led.

56
Q

triplegia

A

Three limbs are involved, usually both arms and a leg.

57
Q

Monoplegia

A

Only one limb is affected, usually an arm.

58
Q

gyrus (pl. gyri)

A

a ridge in the brain matter

59
Q

sulcus (pl. sulci)

A

valleys or grooves

60
Q

fissure

A

a really large groove

61
Q

opercular

A

(not that important) lid or the covering

62
Q

commisure

A

a connection- a band of fibers that connects part of the brain to the opposite side of the brain (ex. the brain to the spinal cord)

63
Q

largest commissure fiber

A

corpus collosum

64
Q

corpus collosum

A

connects right hemisphere to left hemispher

65
Q

commissure fibers

A

run horizontal (connections between hemispheres)

66
Q

afferent (important)

A

sensory (goes toward the brain)

67
Q

efferent (important)

A

motor (goes away from the brain)

68
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

69
Q

contralateral

A

opposite sides

70
Q

presynaptic

A

before the synapse

71
Q

postsynaptic

A

after the synapse

72
Q

transient

A

comes and goes

73
Q

persistent

A

doesn’t leave

74
Q

acute

A

of sudden onset

75
Q

subacute

A

below acute (in rehap you go to subacute theapy after acute if you’re not ready to go home)

76
Q

chronic

A

on going

77
Q

projection fibers

A

carry sensory and motor information vertically.

78
Q

association fibers

A

most numerous in the body- contained in one hemisphere (some in left, some in right) they are bidirectional- communicate within one hemisphere to different parts of the hemisphere

79
Q

decussation

A

crosses over

80
Q

myelin

A

helps with conduction and protects nerve fibers; myelin is white

81
Q

White matter

A

Nerve fibers that form tracts
Carry information from one brain site to another
White because myelin lipid (fat like substance surrounding the axons)

82
Q

structures of the CNS

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

83
Q

Each hemisphere contains….

A

Each hemisphere contains the cerebral cortex, and dienephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)

Neuroanatomy (16 decks)

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