Chapter 17 Flashcards
what is abnormal psychology
The application of psychological science to understanding and treating mental disorders
what is a disorder
Ongoing dysfunctional pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior that causes significant distress, and that is considered deviant in that persons culture or society, Are out of the patients control, May be treated by drugs
Have both biological and environmental influences
what is the bio-psycho-social model
Assumes disorders are caused by biological, psychological, and social factors
how are things determined to be a disorder
when they are unusual and the extent that they cause distress and dysfunction (maladaptive)
what is comorbidity
When people suffering form one disorder suffer from other disorders at the same time (because of the base disorder)
what is a stigma and why is it bad
A disgrace or defect that indicates that person belongs to a culturally devalued social group
Slows down recovery
Reduces likelihood of seeking treatment, reduces self-esteem, increases isolation and hopelessness
what is the DSM an abbreviation for
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
what does the DSM provide
a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders
Categorizes symptoms but become very vague and multiple symptoms are often found across multiple disorders
what is anxiety
Nervousness or agitation that we experience
what is GAD
Generalized anxiety disorder caused by excessively worrying about everyday things (money, family, etc.)
what are panic disorders
Characterized by sudden attacks of anxiety and terror that led to significant behavioral changes in the persons life leading to shortness of breath, heart palpitations, trembling, dizziness, choking sensations, nausea, and an intense feeling of impending doom
how long can panic attacks last
Can last from 1-20 min but often peak and subside within 10 but individuals are often anxious out of fear of another anxiety attack
what is a phobia
A specific fear of a certain object, situation, or activity
what is social phobia
Extreme shyness around people or discomfort in social situations
Often convinced that everyone around them notices the symptoms they are experiencing
what is agoraphobia
Anxiety about being in places or situation form which escape might be difficult or embarrassing or which help might not be available
Often have difficulty leaving their home and interacting with other people
what is OCD
Obsessive-compulsive disorders
When a person experiences distressing or frightening thoughts and engages in obsessions (repetitive thoughts) or compulsions (repetitive behaviors) to calm these thoughts
what is PTSD and when does it occur
Result after adverse events including combat, assault, and natural disasters
Experience high anxiety along with reexperiencing the trauma (flashbacks) and a strong desire to avoid any reminders of the event
what are dissociative disorders
People overwhelmed by stress can experience an altered stare of consciousness and become detached form reality
Involves disruptions or breakdowns of memory, awareness and identity
how can one obtain a dissociative disorder
seems to be entirely environmentally determined
what is dissociative amnesia
Psychological disorder that involves extensive but selective memory loss for which there is no physiological explanation
what is dissociative fugue
Disorder in which an individual loses complete memory of his or her identity and may even assume a new one
what are dissociative identity disorders
Two or more distinct and individual personalities exist in the same person
what is a host personality
in a dissociative identity disorder it is the personality that largely controls the body
what are mood affective disorders
Disorders in which the persons mood negatively influences his or her physical, perceptual, social, and cognitive processes
Tend to experience more intense moods
what is major depressive disorder otherwise known as
clinical depression
what is clinical depression characterized by
Characterized by low mood, self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities
what is bipolar disorder
Characterized by mood swings from overly high to sad and hopeless with periods of near-normal in between
(Normal in reference to the individual)
what does bipolar disorder have comorbidity with
depression and anxiety
what are our moods influenced by
Psychological and social determinants play a role
Often creates a cycle
by our cognitions
(negative thoughts create negative emotions which create negative behaviors which make way to negative responses in an endless cycle)
what is schizophrenia
Disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, loss of contact with reality, inappropriate affect (how we show our emotions), disorganized speech, social withdrawal, social withdrawal, deterioration of adaptive behaviour
different categories of symptoms of shcizophrenia
positive, negative, and congitive
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Hallucinations Imaginary sensations that occur in the absence of a real stimulus or which are gross distortions of a real stimulus), Delusions (False beliefs not commonly shared by others within ones culture and maintained even though they are out of touch with reality), Disorganized behavior, Movement disorders
negative symptoms of shcizophrenia
Social withdrawal
Flat affect
Apathy
Limited speech
Poor hygiene and grooming
cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia
Poor executive control
Trouble focusing
Working memory problems
Poor problem-solving abilities
what can cause schizophrenia
biological and environmental factors but also changes in the brain
what changes in the brain are symptoms/causes of schizophrenia
The cerebral ventricles are enlarged
Overall lose of neurons in the cerebral cortex
Less activity in the frontal and temporal lobes
(These line up with the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia)
what are personality disorders
Characterized by inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others that cause problems in personal, social and work situations
three categories of personality disorders
Odd or eccentric behavior
Dramatic or erratic behavior
Anxious or inhibited behavior
what is common in all categories of personality disorders
persons inability to understand and be sensitive to the motives and needs of others
true or false: personality disorders are often seen alone
false, they have high comorbidity
what is BPD and its symptoms
Borderline personality disorder
Personality disturbance along with mood swings, unstable personal relationships, identity problems, threats of self-destructive behavior, fears of abandonment, and impulsivity
possible causes behind BPD
Environmental and biological roots
what is APD and it’s symptoms
Antisocial personality disorder
Disregard of the rights of others, tendency to violate those rights without being concerned about doing so
what are possible causes behind APD
Genetic predisposition and biological abnormalities
Environmental risks like neglectful and abusive parenting styles
