Chapter 13 Flashcards
what is social psychology
the study of group process (how we behave in groups, he we feel about one another, etc.)
what are the five areas of social psychology
attraction, attitude, peace and conflict, social influence, social cognition
what is attraction
what makes us want to do thing
what are attitudes
opinions, feelings, and beliefs about a person, concept, or group
why do we study peace and conflict
to apply to international relations and clinical therapy
what is a “culture of honour”
the degree to which someone is proud of their culture
what is social influence
how others shape our behavior
what is persuasion
when you deliver a message so that it’ll influence a persons behavior in a desired way
what is social cognition
how we think about the social world and how we perceive others
what is social attribtuion
when we make educated guesses about the motives of others
what is the fundamental attribution error
the consistent way we attribute people actions to personality traits while overlooking situation influences
what are schemas
mental models or representations of any of the various things we come across in our daily lives
why are schemas important
allow us to simplify environment, store information, and make quick decisions
different types of schemas
person schemas, self-schemas, event schemas (or scripts)
what happens when you assimilate a schema
add or adjust a schema to fit new infromation
what happens when you accommodate a schema
you create an entirely new schema
what is planning fallacy
how people tend to underestimate how much time it will take to complete a task
what is affective forecasting
predictions of ones future feelings
are we good as predicting future emotions
in the sense of positive or negative yes, but not how strong or how long this feeling will last
what is the hot cognition
the mental processes that are influenced by desire and feelings
problem with directional goals
are not good for looking at things objectively
what is motivated skepticism
where we are skeptical of something that goes against what we want to believe despite the strong evidence behind it
what is mood congruent memory
the tendency to recall memories similar in valence to our current mood (neg brings up neg)
what is automaticity
behaviors that are automatic through repetition, practice, or repeated association
what is the chameleon affect
an innate tendency to unconsciously mimic behaviors of interaction partners
how can associations be primed
when they are repeatedly associated
problem with explicit measures of attitude
people aren’t always aware of their true intentions, people might not want to admit their true attitudes
can be unreliable (especially when controversial)
what are implicit measures of attitudes
infer the participants attitude rather than being told
what can implicit measures of attitudes reveal
sometimes inconsistent with explicitly held attitudes, may reveal biases that people do not self-report
what does a implicit association test measure
how quickly the participant pairs a concept with an attribute, the longer the reaction time the less implicit it is (not as strong and may not be theirs)
what is the evaluative priming task
the measure of how quickly the participant labels the valence (pos or neg) of the attitude when it appears immediately after a pos or neg image
what is confromity
the tendency to act and think like the people around us, to go along with the group
what are descriptive norms
when we act in the way most people (or at least people like us) act
what is obedience
how people react when given an order from someone in a position of authority (lead to good and bad outcomes)
parts of biases against social groups
emotional prejudices, mental/cognitive stereotypes, behavioral discrimination
what are old fashioned biases
when people openly put down others that are not a part of their in-group (their own group)
what are blatant biases
conscious beliefs, feelings, and behaviors that people are willing to admit, mostly expressing hostility to the outgroups (groups other than your own)
what are subtle biases
automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent yet still biased, unfair, and disrespectful to the belief of equality (assuming a woman is less competent)
what are automatic biases
in-group preference resulting in liking other groups less
(sometimes these are pushed by society and trump our own explicit values)
what is the social identity theory
the tendency to favor ones own group over another, often exaggerating the differences between them and the other group
what is the self-categorization theory
people tend to favor the groups with people like them and disfavor others
what are the social identity and self-categorization theory examples of
ambiguous biases
what is aversive racism
when people don’t like to admit their own racial biases to themselves or others
what is bystander intervention
the study of why people do not always help
what do people base their decision of helping on (3)
- how they define emergencies
- when they decide to take responsibility for helping
- how the cost and benefits of intervening affect the decision
what is diffusion of responsibiltiy
knowing that someone else could help relieves bystanders of personal responsibility so they are less likely to intervene
how costs and rewards affect whether someone will help
- is the need is a low cost in terms of money, time, resources, or risk
- potential rewards of helping someone
- whether the cost outweighs the reward
what determines who helps
individual differences like sex/gender, personality traits, characteristics of the prosocial personality
is a man or women more likely to help
general likeliness is the same but how they help is different
men- physical and impulsive action
women- supportive and nurturing actions
why do men and women help differently
cost-benefit analysis (easier for men to help physically than women) and their socialization (raised to fill different social roles)
what personality trait(s) make a person more likely to help
agreeableness, sympathetic, generous, forgiving, helpful, etc.
3 reason why we may or may not help people
evolutionary forces, egoistic concerns, selfless/altruistic motivations
evolutionary reasons for why we might help
kin selection: more likely to help those we know
reciprocal altruism: if we help we might get something out of it that increases our own chances of survival
egoistic reasons why we might help
negative state relief model, and the arousal: cost-reward model
what is the negative state relief model
when people help in order to make themselves feel better
what is the arousal: cost reward model
when we see suffering we experience sympathetic arousal that is unpleasant and so in helping them it eliminates this feeling (main motivation), can be indirect involvement aswell
what is the empathy-altruism model
when people are motivated to help expecting no rewards, motivated by empathy, and can be a self-sacrificial approach
