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Biology > Chapter 16: Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe asexual reproduction

A

a process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent

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2
Q

Advantage of Asexual Reproduction in plants and population

A

Population
-Population can increase rapidly.
-Can exploit a suitable habitat quickly.
Crop
-Only one parent needed.
-Rapid colonization of favorable environments

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3
Q

Disadvantage of Asexual Reproduction in plants and population

A

Population
-Does not lead to variation in a population.
-The species may only suited to one habitat.
-Disease may affect all individuals in a population.

Crop
-No variation, so any change in environmental conditions will affect all individuals (ex. disease)

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4
Q

Describe sexual reproduction

A

a process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other

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5
Q

Describe fertilisation

A

the fusion of the nuclei of gametes

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6
Q

Are gametes and zygote haploid or diploid

A

nuclei of gametes are haploid and that the nucleus of a zygote is diploid

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7
Q

Advantage of sexual reproduction

A
  • produces combination of greater survival value
  • new varieties can be created = may have resistance to disease
  • in plants, seeds are produced, which allow dispersal away from parent plant, reducing competition
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8
Q

Disadvantage of sexual reproduction

A
  • usually two parents are needed
  • growth of a new plant to maturity from a seed is slow
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9
Q

Structure of flower

A

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10
Q

Function of sepal

A

to protect the flower bud as it develops

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11
Q

Function of petals

A

attract insects for pollination

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12
Q

Function of stamen

A

Stamens are the male reproductive organs which are responsible for producing and dispersing pollen

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13
Q

Function of filament

A

carry nutrients to the anther for the development of the anther and pollen grains.

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14
Q

Function of anther

A

to produce and provide the pollen

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15
Q

Function of carpel

A

The carpel is the female reproductive part of the plant. It facilitate reproduction in flowering plants.

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16
Q

Function of style

A

generates the pollen tube but also prevents incompatible pollen from entering the ovary.

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17
Q

Function of stigma

A

The stigma is a sticky surface that catches the pollen during pollination.

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18
Q

Function of ovary

A

prepare the ovules for fertilization, protect developing zygotes, and develop into a seed-bearing fruit.

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19
Q

Function of ovule

A

The ovules are the structures that eventually develop into seeds; Each ovule contains an ovum

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20
Q

describe the anthers and stigmas of a wind-pollinated flower

A

anthers: external position and long filaments
The stigmas are comparatively large and protruding ( sticking out), sometimes branched and often feathery.

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21
Q

Distinguish between the pollen grains of insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers

A

In wind-pollinated flowers pollen: spiky,
heavier,
larger,
small amounts
In insect-pollinated flowers pollen: smooth,
lightweight,
small,
large amounts

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22
Q

Describe pollination

A

the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma

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23
Q

Describe self-pollination

A

the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or a different flower on the same plant

24
Q

Describe cross-pollination

A

the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species

25
Q

Effects of self pollination on its population

A
  • reduced diversity
  • increased competition between plants;
  • little ability to evolve
  • no pollinators required
26
Q

Effect of cross pollination in its population

A
  • allows, genetic diversity;
  • resistance to disease;
  • evolve;
  • relies on pollinators
27
Q

When does fertilization occur

A

when a pollen nucleus fuses with a nucleus in an ovule

28
Q

The pathway of pollen to fertilization

A

After pollen has landed on the stigma, it grows a pollen tube down through the style to the ovary.
The nucleus of the pollen grain travels down the pollen tube and fertilises the nucleus in the ovule.

29
Q

Describe the structural adaptations of insect-pollinated flowers

A
  • nectar;
  • spiky,pollen;
  • sticky stigma;
  • colourful petals
30
Q

Describe the structural adaptations of wind-pollinated flowers

A
  • petals dull;
  • large amounts of pollen, released;
  • small, pollen;
  • smooth pollen
31
Q

describe the environmental conditions that affect germination of seeds

A

water: for softening testa / seed coat + activation of enzymes + solvent;
oxygen: for respiration
suitable temperature: for optimum temperature for enzymes; break down food stores

32
Q

Describe the growth of the pollen tube and its entry into the ovule followed by fertilisation

A

After pollen has landed on the stigma, it grows a pollen tube down through the style to the ovary. The nucleus of the pollen grain travels down the pollen tube and fertilises the nucleus in the ovule.

33
Q

Male reproduction system

A

testes, scrotum, sperm ducts, prostate gland, urethra and penis

34
Q

Female reproductive system

A

ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina

35
Q

What is fertilization

A

the fusion of the nuclei from a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg cell)

36
Q

Explain the adaptive features of sperm

A

flagellum: for movement and swimming; mitochondria: to provide energy from respiration for movement;
enzymes in the acrosome: to dig through the jelly coat and membrane of an egg cell

37
Q

Explain the adaptive features of egg cells

A

energy stores: provides energy to divide the zygote;
the jelly coat that changes at fertilisation: to form a barrier after fertilisation to prevent other sperm from entering the cell

38
Q

Compare male and female gametes

A

egg cell much larger than sperm;
sperm is capable of locomotion while egg cannot;
sperm produced everyday in huge numbers, while egg released once a month

39
Q

State what happens to the zygote in early development

A

in early development, the zygote forms an embryo which is a ball of cells that implants into the lining of the uterus

40
Q

Function of umbilical cord in development of fetus

A

Transfer substances ( oxygen and nutrients) between placenta and fetus

41
Q

Function of placenta in development of fetus

A

supplies, nutrients
removes waste
acts as a barrier against toxins or pathogens

42
Q

Function of amniotic sac and amniotic fluid

A

maintains temperature; (mechanical) protection;
provides support (of the fetus); prevents infections;
allows movement (of the fetus);
(movement) allows for development of bones and muscles;
fetal drinking; lubrication

43
Q

Describe the function of the placenta and umbilical cord

A

exchange of dissolved nutrients, gases and excretory products between the blood of the mother and the blood of the fetus

44
Q

Can everything be blocked by placenta

A

Some pathogens and toxins can pass across the placenta and affect the fetus

45
Q

roles of testosterone in the development and regulation of secondary sexual characteristics during puberty

A

voice deepens;
growth spurt;
sperm, production;
facial hair grows;

46
Q

Describe the roles of oestrogen in the development and regulation of secondary sexual characteristics during puberty

A

breasts grow;
pubic hair growth
growth spurt;
menstrual cycle begins

47
Q

Describe the menstrual cycle in terms of changes in the ovaries and in the lining of the uterus

A

days 1-5: uterus lining lost;
days 8-14: uterus lining,increases;
day 14: egg cell is released;

48
Q

Describe the sites of production of oestrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy

A

ovary

49
Q

Explain the role of oestrogen in controlling the menstrual cycle and pregnancy

A

repair of the lining of uterus;
womb thickening;
development;
prepares for, implantation;
release of LH;
inhibits release of FSH;
stops, release, of more eggs;
causes change in cervical mucus

50
Q

Explain the role of LH in controlling the menstrual cycle and pregnancy

A

maintains the thickness of the lining of the uterus during pregnancy;
ovulation gland

51
Q

Explain the role of FSH in controlling the menstrual cycle and pregnancy

A

FSH stimulates follicle;
to grow;
to secrete oestrogen;
maturation of egg;
subsequent effect on LH at ovulation;
low FSH after ovulation, prevents further follicle stimulation;

52
Q

Explain the role of progesterone in controlling the menstrual cycle and pregnancy

A

maintains, uterine lining;
inhibits, FSH / LH (release)

53
Q

Describe a sexually transmitted infection (STI)

A

an infection that is transmitted through sexual contact

54
Q

what Is the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

is a pathogen that causes an STI

55
Q

What might HIV infection lead to

A

AIDS

56
Q

Describe the methods of transmission of HIV

A

blood to blood contact ;
sharing needles;
breastfeeding;
transfusions;

57
Q

Explain how the spread of STIs is controlled

A

use of, condoms;
tracing of sexual contacts;
testing for STIs;
treating infections;

Biology (21 decks)

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