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Biology > Chapter 14: Coordination And Response > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Coordination And Response Flashcards

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1
Q

How do electrical impulses travel?

A

electrical impulses travel along neurones

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2
Q

Describe the types of mammalian nervous system:

A

(a) the central nervous system (CNS) consisting of the brain and the spinal cord
(b) the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consisting of the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Role of nervous system

A

coordination and regulation of body functions

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4
Q

Identify of sensory, relay and motor neurones

A

https://cdn.savemyexams.com/cdn-cgi/image/w=1920,f=auto/uploads/2020/01/The-three-types-of-neurone.png

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5
Q

Describe reflex arc.

A

-Receptor in the skin detects a stimulus (the change in environment).
-Sensory neuron sends electrical impulses to a relay neuron, which is located in the spinal cord of the CNS. Relay neurons connect sensory neurons to motor neurons.
-Motor neuron sends electrical impulses to an effector.
-Effector produces a response (muscle contracts to move hand away).

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6
Q

What is a reflex action

A

means of automatically and rapidly integrating and coordinating stimuli with the responses of effectors (muscles and glands)

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7
Q

What is a synapse?

A

a junction between two neurones

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8
Q

Describe the events at a synapse

A

(a) an impulse stimulates the release of neurotransmitter molecules from vesicles into the synaptic gap
(b) the neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the gap
(c) neurotransmitter molecules bind with receptor proteins on the next neurone
(d) an impulse is then stimulated in the next neurone
(From presynaptic neuron to post synaptic neuron)

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9
Q

What do synapses ensure in direction of impulse

A

ensure that impulses travel in one direction only

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10
Q

What are sense organs?

A

groups of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli: light, sound, touch, temperature and chemicals

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11
Q

Structure of eye

A

cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, optic nerve and blind spot

https://cdn.savemyexams.com/cdn-cgi/image/w=1920,f=auto/uploads/2020/01/The-eye.png

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12
Q

Function of cornea

A

refracts light

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13
Q

Function of iris

A

controls how much light enters the pupil

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14
Q

Function of lens

A

focuses light on to the retina

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15
Q

Function of retina

A

contains light receptors, some sensitive to light of different colours

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16
Q

Function of Optic nerves

A

carries impulses to the brain

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17
Q

Describe Pupil reflex

A

In dim light, the pupil dilates (becomes larger) to allow more light to enter the eye to improve vision. In bright light, the pupil constricts (gets smaller) to allow less light to enter the eye to protect the retina from damage.

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18
Q

How Circular and radial muscles act in pupil reflex

A

high light intensity: circular muscles contract, radial muscles dilate (relax)

low light intensity: circular muscles relax, radial muscles contract

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19
Q

Accommodation when viewing near objects

A

near objects : ciliary muscle contract, suspensory ligaments looser which causes lens to become fatter and light is refracted more

20
Q

Accommodation when viewing fat objects

A

distant objects: ciliary muscles relax, suspensory ligaments tighten which causes lens to become thinner (light refracted less)

21
Q

Describe the distribution of rods and cones in the retina of a human

A

Cones (color) are concentrated in the fovea centralis. Rods (white and black) Found throughout the retina, but none in the center of the fovea or in the blind spot.

22
Q

Function of rods

A

Sensitive to low light intensity.
-Detect shades of grey.
-Provide us with night vision, when we can recognize shapes but not colours

23
Q

Function of cones

A

Sensitive only to high light intensity.
-Detect color.
-There are three types, sensitive to red, green and blue light

24
Q

Where is the fovea and it’s function

A

a region of the retina where the eye sees in particularly good detail.

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSTH_mtPZg6tKcCB8_u42oLKSq5jj9dKWpKMk-2noLzb2IQ6qf0cCT91xIl&s=10

25
Q

Describe a hormone

A

a chemical substance, produced by a gland and carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs

26
Q

Image of endocrine glands

A

https://mmerevise.co.uk/app/uploads/2022/07/Endocrine-System-2.png

27
Q

adrenal glands secrete

A

adrenaline

28
Q

pancreas secrete

A

insulin and glucagon

29
Q

testes secrete

A

testosterone

30
Q

ovaries secrete

A

oestrogen

31
Q

When is adrenaline secreted

A

In ‘fight or flight’ situations

32
Q

Adrenaline effect

A

(a) increased breathing rate
(b) increased heart rate
(c) increased pupil diameter

33
Q

role of adrenaline in the control of metabolic activity

A

(a) increasing the blood glucose concentration
(b) increasing heart rate

34
Q

Describe homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a constant internal environment

35
Q

homeostatic control process

A

when conditions change from the ideal or set point negative feedback occurs which returns conditions to the set point.

if the level of something rises, control systems are switched on to reduce it again. if the level of something falls, control systems are switched on to raise it again.

36
Q

control of low blood glucose concentration by the liver

A

When there is a lack of glucose glucagon is released by pancreas this cause liver to release glucose to blood.

37
Q

control of high blood glucose concentration by the liver

A

When there is a high glucose concentration insulin is released by pancreas this cause liver to take glucose out of blood and store it as glycogen

38
Q

Outline the treatment of Type 1 diabetes

A

injecting insulin

39
Q

Identify in diagrams and images of the skin

A

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTWAfJm5pKvPceHgP-DELJCyk6gTj9J0tYM3DylZ-py2XDZwe9fiZV48F1L&s=10

40
Q

maintenance of a constant internal body temperature in mammals

A

When the temperature changes, temperature receptors in the skin detect this information and send it as impulses through nerves

insulation, sweating, shivering, vasodilation and vasoconstriction

41
Q

Vasodilation

A

the muscles in the walls of the arterioles supplying skin-surface capillaries relax, increasing the size of the arteriole lumen. More blood flows, so more heat can be lost to the environment from the blood at a time.

42
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

muscles in arteriole walls contract, making the lumen smaller, so less blood travels through the skin at a time, reducing the heat loss per unit time.

43
Q

Describe gravitropism

A

a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from gravity

44
Q

Describe phototropism

A

a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from the direction of the light source

45
Q

Explain the role of auxin in controlling shoot growth

A

(a) auxin is made in the shoot tip
(b) auxin diffuses through the plant from the shoot tip
(c) auxin is unequally distributed in response to light and gravity
(d) auxin stimulates cell elongation

Biology (21 decks)

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