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Psychology > Chapter 16 - Neuropsychology > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Neuropsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is neuropsychology?

A

the relationship between brain processes, human behavior, and psychological functioning

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2
Q

What are the 2 main assumptions of neuropsychology?

A
  1. Everything can be broken down into subtasks, which can be studied
  2. Different Psychological Processes are controlled by different areas/ combinations
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3
Q

What are the two different types of neuropsychologists?

A
  1. experimental psychologists

2. clinical psychologists

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4
Q

Who was the first person to bring up localization of function?

A

Franz Gall

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5
Q

What were Gall’s two ideas

A
  1. localization

2. phrenology

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6
Q

When did Paul Broca arrive on the scene?

A

1861

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7
Q

What and where did Broca discover?

A

Tan’s lesion on his left frontal lobe, and then repeated results

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8
Q

Why was Paul Broca influence localization of function so significantly?

A

The French surgeon was very well respected

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9
Q

What is a lesion?

A

A small area of damage

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10
Q

What is the modularity view?

A

modules are regions that perform its own kind of analysis and are essential to the larger puzzle

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11
Q

What is a network?

A

A team of modules used to accomplish a certain function

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12
Q

What is lesion analysis?

A

Studying the localization of function by observing the results of brain damage

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13
Q

What is disconnection syndrome?

A

A type of syndrome that occurs when different modules are unable to interact with each other due to network issues

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14
Q

What is a neuropsychological assessment?

A

Tests designed to test mental functions

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15
Q

What are the different types of neuropsychological assessment?

A
  1. Test Batteries
  2. Tailored Tests
    (3. General Tests)
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16
Q

How do most clinical neuropsychologists proceed when it comes to neuropsycholgical assessment?

A

Most give a test battery, and then proceede to more specific options

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17
Q

How will the test results be evaluated?

A

They will be compared to established averages, or norms.

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18
Q

What are the 3 listed test batteries?

A

A. Halstead-Reitan Battery
B. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
C. Luria-Nebraska

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19
Q

What is the Halstead-Reitan Battery?

A
  • It is the most popular test

- it uses 10 subtests for variety

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20
Q

What is the Luria-Nebraska Battery?

A
  • 2nd most popular test
  • has high reliability but is questioned by some
  • many false positives
  • 269 items
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21
Q

What are the 3 Mechanisms of Brain Dysfunction?

A
  1. Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVA’s, Strokes)
  2. Trauma Brain Injury
  3. Neurodegenerative Diseases
    (4. Tumors?)
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22
Q

What is a CVA?

A

When the brain does not receive blood due to blood vessel blockage

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23
Q

What areas due CVA’s affect?

A

Where the brain tissue has died and the surrounding area

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24
Q

What are potential solutions to CVA’s?

A

Experimentation is taking place with chemicals and stem cells to potential grow new blood vessels and neurons

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25
Q

What is a potential problem with the proposed CVA solutions?

A

Cells must be influenced to be reestablished

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26
Q

What is traumatic brain injury?

A

The result of a sudden brain impact

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27
Q

What does traumatic brain injury do to the brain?

A

It potentially stretches and tears nerve fibers

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28
Q

Do we know more about symptom patterns from CVA’s or traumatic brain injury?

A

CVA’s, because they are more localized

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29
Q

What are 3 prominent examples of neurodegenerative diseases?

A
  1. Alzheimer’s
  2. Parkinsons’s
  3. Frontotemporal Degeneration
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30
Q

How do neurodegenerative diseases function?

A

They affect a particular type of brain cell, or cells in a particular area

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31
Q

What are the possible causes for neurodegenerative diseases?

A
  1. infections
    2, nutritional deficiencies
  2. genetic abnormalities
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32
Q

What are the 3 types of Neuropsychological Disorders (non-linguistic)

A
  1. Amnestic Disorders
  2. Conscious Disturbances
  3. Perceptual Disturbances
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33
Q

What are amnestic disorders?

A

disorders that involve memory loss

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34
Q

What was the famous case of “H.M.”

A

Henry Molaison has surgery to remove parts of both his right and left temporal lobe. He dealt with severe anterograde amnesia for the rest of his life

35
Q

Where did H.M. have brain damage?

A

medial temporal lobe

hippocampus?

36
Q

What can cause medial temporal damage?

A
  1. herpes encephalitis

2. CVA’s - but usually on one side

37
Q

What other areas are vital to memory?

A

The thalamus and other parts of the limbic system

38
Q

What is Korsakoff’s psychosis?

A

When the medial dorsal section of the thalamus is damaged due to lack of thiamine (vitamiin B1)

39
Q

What are the symptoms of Korsakoff’s psychosis?

A
  1. anterograde amnesia

2. confabulation

40
Q

What are conscious disturbances?

A

Problems that impair people’s ability to be accurately aware of the world around them

41
Q

What part of the brain is a major player in consciousness?

A

The reticular activating system (RAS)

42
Q

What are the 3 states of diminished consciousness?

A
  1. Coma
  2. Persistent Vegetative State
  3. Minimally Conscious State (+ or -)
43
Q

What are other causes of diminished consciousness?

A

Impairment of both sides of the cortex

44
Q

What are the more complex states of consciousness?

A
  1. Delirium

2. Anosognosia

45
Q

What is delirium?

A

Alternating states of heightened and diminished consciousness.

46
Q

What are some symptoms of delirium?

A
  • poor attention, memory
  • disorientation
  • mental agitation
47
Q

What are the causes of delirium?

A
  1. CVA’s
  2. Traumatic Brain Injury
  3. Encephalitis
  4. Lesions
  5. blood infections, poisons, side effects, fever, ect.
48
Q

What do assessments of delirium look like?

A

It is difficult, but pretty much all performance is poor

49
Q

What is anosognosia?

A

An absence of knowledge of disease

50
Q

Is anosognosia more likely to occur in the left or right side of the brain?

A

The right

51
Q

What are the causes of anosognosia?

A
  • It occurs after 25% of CVA’s

- some neurodegenerative diseases

52
Q

Why does the ego defense argument of agosognosia not hold up?

A
  1. Different halves of brain react differently
  2. Aware of some but not all problems
  3. Deny some problems that are not of concern
53
Q

What is the Wada technique?

A

Intentional anesthetization to research anosognosia

54
Q

What are perceptual disturbances?

A

Disorders in which there are impairments in the ability to organize, recognize, interpret, and make sense of sensory information

55
Q

What route does the “what” pathway take?

A
  1. Occipital

2. Temporal

56
Q

What route does the “where” pathway take?

A
  1. Occipital

2. Parietal

57
Q

What condition is caused by damage to the “what” pathway?

A

Visual Agnosia - can’t describe based on appearance

58
Q

What condition is caused by damage to a specific face region in the “what” pathway?

A

Prosopagnosia - can’t recognize faces

59
Q

Does Prosopangnosia usually require damage on both temporal lobes?

A

Yes

60
Q

What is Capgrass syndrome/delusion?

A

The belief that people have been replaced by imposters

usually permanent

61
Q

What conditions are caused by damage to the “where” pathway?

A
  1. Simultanagnosia - can perceive the whole but not the parts
  2. Hemineglect
62
Q

What is the main cause of Hemineglect?

A

CVA

63
Q

What side is typically neglected?

A

The left side of the world, right side of the brain

64
Q

Do hemineglect patients have sensory problems?

A

only some do

65
Q

Who conducted the hemineglect experiements?

A

Edoardo Bisiach

66
Q

What are the two main types of language disorders?

A
  1. Wernicke’s Aphasia

2. Broca’s Aphasia

67
Q

On what side of the brain do most aphasia’s occur?

A

The left

68
Q

What is Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) ?

A

A neurogenerative disease process caused by frontotemporal degeration (FTD), killing nerve cells

69
Q

What is Broca’s Aphasia?

A

The loss of language fluency

  • concrete nouns
  • naming/sound errors
  • agrammatism
70
Q

What is paraphasis, phonemic paraphasis

A

Naming errors, errors in how a word should sound

71
Q

What is Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Everything sounds like nonsense, everything they say is nonsense but fluid

-use words that have the wrong meaning

72
Q

What is semantic paraphasis?

A

Naming errors in which words are used that have the wrong meaning

73
Q

What language problems can accompany damage in the right hemisphere?

A

aprosodia -difficulties understanding or expressing tone and inflection

74
Q

What are the types of movement disorders (apraxias)?

A
  1. Ideational apraxia - movements in wrong order

2. Idemotor apraxia - improper movement

75
Q

What is needed for a diagnosis of dementia?

A
  1. Notable memory impairment

2. Other impairment (perceptual, language, learned motor)

76
Q

What is mild cognitive impairment (MCI)?

A

A condition that precedes the appearance of dementia, medication and a low-fat diet can still slow progress

77
Q

What are the causes of dementia?

A

Dementia is usually caused by a neurodegerative disease

-60-80% caused Alzheimer’s Disease

78
Q

What are the main abnormalities present in Alzheimer’s patients?

A
  1. degenerative nerve cells (tangles)
  2. clumps of protein deposits (amyloid plaques
  3. (damage to mitochondria)
79
Q

What neurons have been found to be most affected by Alzheimer’s?

A

Neurons that use acetylcholine

80
Q

What lobes are affected by Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  1. (medial) temporal, hippocampus

2. parietal

81
Q

How common is Alzheimer dementia & vascular dementia?

A

Alzheimer - 1st

Vascular -2nd (17% ages 71+)

82
Q

What are some differences in vascular dementia?

A
  • hippocampus relatively unaffected

- can form memories, can’t retrieve

83
Q

What are some subtle symptoms that may lead to early diagnoses?

A
  • inability to smell certain odors

- loss of ability to appreciate sarcasm

Psychology (13 decks)

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