Chapter 1 - Overview Flashcards
Cognitive Psychologists
Basic mental processes
i.e. forgetfulness, memories, unconsciousness, decision making
Psychology
The science that seeks to understand behavior and mental processes and to apply that knowledge to that understanding in the service of human welfare
Biological Psychologists
Aka: physiological psychologists/ neuroscientists
Genes, brain chemistry, cell communication
Personality Psychologists
Study individuality and how people compare
Developmental Psychologists
Study changes to understand developmental cause and effects
e.g. How old a child must be
Quantitative Psychologists
Analyze research information
Clinical, counseling, community psychologists
Behavior disorders, mental health, homeless, advocate
Educational psychologists
Research and theories about teaching and learning
School Psychologists
Was: intelligence testing
Now: set up programs to improve achievement
Social Psychologists
Study if how people influence each other
Industrial and organizational psychologists
Study and address factors that affect efficiency
Health psychologists
Study effects of behavior on health and vice-virsa
Sports Psychologists
Keys to maximize performance
Forensic psychologists
Matters involving psychology and the law
e.g. Jury selection, ability to stand trial
Engineering psychologists
Aka: human factors psychologists
Study and improve human tech relatonship
Define: Empiricism
Minds are a blank slate, experiences write a lifelong story
“Tabula rasa”
Who are The Empiricists and when are they from?
John Locke, George Berkley, David Hume
1600’s
Birth of modern psychology
1879 (Wundt established 1st formal psych laboratory)
Why is Wundt significant
He transformed psychology from a philosophy to a science of the mental processes
What the the main approach of Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener
Introspection
Who was Edward Titchener?
English student of Wundt who developed structuralism to define the building blocks of consciousness
Gestalt Psychology
1912
Mac Wertheimer, Kurt Koffa, Wolfgang Kohler
Phi phenomenon- conscious experience is not simply the sum of its parts
Sigmund Freud
Physician in Vienna, Austria
Late 1880’s
Believed in unconscious quarrel with instincts and society; formed psychoanalysis
Environmental Psychologists
Study environment’s effect on human behavior
What is Functionalism?
William Hames late 1870’s @ Harvard. Rejected structuralism and Wundt.
Focused on a stream of consciousness and began to measure individual differences and enter schools
What two historical forms of psychology did Darwin influence?
Watson’s behaviorism and James’ functionalism
When was Behaviorism dominate?
1920’s - 1960’s
Behaviorism
John B. Watson
Concerned only with observable behavior
B.F. Skinner
Operant conditioning, functional analysis of behavior
Biological Approach
Hormones, genes, and nervous system effects
Evolutionary Approach
Assumes processes are direct evolutionary result and have clear evolutionary consequences
Psychodynamic Approach
Rooted in Freud
Instincts vs. society
Behavioral Approach
Only observable behavior
Train new responses
(Strict behaviorism is modernly criticized)
Cognitive Approach
Behavior is affected by how we mentally take in and process information
Step by step process
Humanistic Approach
Humans are essentially good
People want to reach full potential
Less influential, vague
Women and Minorities
Women 67, 75
Minorities 16
Diversity changing psychology
Humans were considered to be essentially alike, however not true
“Sociocultural factors”
EMDR
Example,
Francine Shaparino 1987
Operational definitions
Exact definitions for scientific research
Statistical reliability vs. Statistical validity
Reliability= consistency
Validity= accuracy
Behavioral Genetics
How genes shape behavior
Descriptive statistics
Used to describe set if data
Inferential Statistics
Procedures that help draw inferences
Statistical significance
When inferential statistics reveal a correlation efficient with a distance greater than expected by chance
IRB
Institutional review board
