Chapter 16: Compounding II - Equipment, Stability & Excipients Flashcards by Kristin Kattoula

What are glass mortars used for?

Liquids such as suspensions and solutions & for compounds that are oily or can stain

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What are wedgwood mortars used for?

For grinding dry crystals and hard powders

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What are porcelain mortars used for?

For blending powders and pulverizing gummy consistencies

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What is the largest and smallest size capsule

Largest: 000
Smallest: 5

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Recommended compounding ingredients are listed in reputable sources such as

USP National formulary (USP-NF)

The Food Chemicals Codex (FCC)

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If any substance comes from a non-FDA registered facility, a _____ should be obtained that confirms the specifications and quality

Certificate of Analysis (CoA)

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If there is an ingredient without an expiration date, the pharmacist will assign a conservative date that is no more than ____ from the date of receipt. The label on the container should include which 2 things

3 years

Date of receipt and assigned expiration date

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What is a surfactant used for?

To make two ingredients easier to mix together & keep the phases from quickly separating by lowering the surface tension (or the interfacial tension)

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What is a wetting agent?

A type of surfactant

Substances that reduces the surface tension between a liquid and a solid to allow the substance to more easily spread

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Another name for wetting agent

Levigating agent

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What is an emulsion?

A type of surfactant
2 or more liquids which are not able to be blended together (such as water in oil). An emulsifier is added to an emulsion to help keep the liquid droplets dispersed throughout the liquid vehicle

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What is added to suspensions to help keep the solid particles from settling?

Suspending agents (or dispersants or dispersing agents)

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A suspending agent can also be a plasticizer, which means ….

It will make the preparation easier to shape or mold

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Levigation and trituration are both used to …

grind down particles

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What is the difference between levigation and trituration

Levigation uses a levigating agent like glycerin or mineral oil to aid in grinding & trituration is the grinding of particles without the addition of a liquid (the powder stays dry)

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Mineral oil is a commonly used levigating agent for _____ compounds, and glycerin or propylene glycol are used for _____ compounds.

lipophilic (oil-soluble)

aqueous (water-soluble)

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The ____ number determines the type of surfactant required to make an emulsion

hydophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB)

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Surfactants with low HLB (<10) are more ____-soluble and are used for _____ (o/w or w/o)

Lipid (remember, Low = Lipid)

w/o (water-in-oil)

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Surfactants with high HLB (>10) are more ____-soluble and are used for _____ (o/w or w/o)

Water (remember, High = H2O)

o/w (oil-in-water)

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What is an example of a chelating agent to avoid metal ions from oxidating a drug?

Edetate disodium (EDTA)

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What inhibits free radicals from forming during oxidation?

antioxidants

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What are common antioxidants

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and tocopherols (Vitamin E)

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How do you maintain pH to avoid drug oxidation & hydrolysis?

Using a buffer

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How can you prevent hydrolysis?

Using adsorbents (desiccant) to adsorb any moisture that enters the container

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Drugs can be stored as a ________ powder instead of a solution to avoid hydrolysis.

lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder

What kind of salt form of a drug can you use to absorb less water and will be less likely to degrade from hydrolysis

Hygroscopic

Hydrolysis occurs more rapidly at ____ (higher/lower) temperatures

Higher

Binders add cohesion to powders to allow them to ____

Stick together

___ and ____ add size to very small dosages

Diluents and fillers

____ facilitates the breakup of a tablet after oral administration

Disintegrants

____ prevent ingredients from sticking to each other and equipment

Lubricants

Syringes are most accurate for measuring small volumes and ___ liquids

viscous

All syringe packages should be wiped off with ___ prior to being brought into the SEC or PEC

70% IPA

T/F: syringes should be recapped to prevent needle-stick injuries

False - do not recap

Which part of the syringe should not be touched due to contamination risk

plunger

Providing a quick bolus dose into a vein or into a vein through the catheter is called

IV push

A ___ pipette draws up a set volume only, which is the volume the pipette can hold

Volumetric

A ____ pipette is graduated and is used to measure different volumes

Mohr

____ balances have internal weights, which are used to weight quantities< / = 1 gram

Class III (Class A)

Torsion balances have a ____ requirement

Sensitivity

The minimum amount that can be weighed on a torsion balance (minimum weighable quantity) is calculated based on the sensitivity requirement and acceptable error rate which is typically __ or __%

0.05 or 5% MWQ = SR / acceptable error rate (0.05 or 5%)

What is the most commonly used balance

electronic balance aka analytical balance or scale

Electronic balances are simple to use and have higher ____

sensitivity

A compounding pharmacy needs at least one ___ and one ____ mortar and pestle

1 glass | 1 Wedgwood or porcelain

What equipment can be used to mix ingredients

Ointment mills, homogenizers, and grinders

Small particle size and increased surface area = (increased or decreased) rate of absorption

Increased

What is an ointment mill

Draws the ointment or another semi-solid preparation between rollers that grind and homogenize (i.e., make non-gritty, smooth and uniform) the ingredients in the preparation

Capsule shells are made from

gelatin, which is pork-derived or hypromellose or a similar plant-derived product

What are examples of commercially available suspending agents

Ora-Plus & Ora-Sweet

Example of an anti-foaming agent used in non-sterile compounding

Simethicone

What are two examples of delivery vehicles and surfactants

PEG and poloxamer

Poloxamer is useful for ___ drug delivery

topical

What are the 3 types of chemical reactions that can cause most drug products to become unstable and degrade

Oxidation-Reduction Hydrolysis Photolysis

What are free radicals

metal ions that have an unshared electron. They can catalyze oxidation chain reactions. Chelators can be used to chelate the metal ions with the unshared electron

Examples of common fillers

Lactose, starches (many, including corn, rice, wheat), calcium salts, bentonite, cellulose, petrolatum

___ absorb water, causing tablets to swell and burst. ____ from plants can also absorb water well

Alginates | Cellulose

Examples of flavorings & coloring agents

Non-caloric, artificial: aspartame, sucralose | Glycerin, dextrose, lactose, mannitol, sorbitol, phenylalanine, stevia, xylitol

____ is a common anti-adherent and is used to improve powder flowability

Magnesium stearate

Examples of preservatives

Chlorhexadine (used as a surgical scrub also) Povidone iodine Sodium benzoate/benzoic acid, sorbic acid/potassium sorbate, methyl/ethyl/propyl parabens, benzalkonium chloride, EDTA, thimerosal

____ compounds are more polar, which makes compounds more ___-soluble

Ionized | water-soluble

The pH of a buffer system can e calculated with

The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

Types of purification

distillation, deionization, reverse osmosis

Distilled water is often used for

reconstitution to prepare oral suspensions and in non-sterile compounding preparations

Alcohols have high miscibility with ____

water

What is the preferred disinfectant in sterile compounding

IPA 70%

PEG is ___-soluble and ___-miscible

water | water

PEG is used as a

surfactant, solvent and lubricant

When PEG is linked to a protein drug (pegylated), such as PEG-filgrastim, it increased the

half-life

___ is a PEG mixture that is commonly used as a suppository base and is a good emulsifier

Polybase

An emollient is a product that

softens and soothes the skin

Purpose of occlusive ointments

form a protective barrier to prevent the loss of water molecules from the top layer of the skin

___ are put into many emollient formulations to pull in water from the atmosphere to moisturize the skin

Humectants

Examples of humectants

Glycerin or glycerol, propylene glycol and PEG

What percent of an ointment is water

0-20%

Ointments are best for

extremely dry skin and thick skin

Creams are greater than __% water and up to __% oil

20% | 50%

Creams are best for

normal and dry skin

___ have the most water

Lotions

What is best for oily skin

Lotions

What are the 4 ointment groups

- Hydrocarbon bases - aka oleaginous (contain no water; examples are Vaseline) - Absorption bases - Water-removable bases - Water-soluble bases

Aqueous solutions of poloxamers are ___ when refrigerated and ___ at room temp

liquid | gel

Examples of adsorbents

Magnesium oxide/carbonate, kaolin

Examples of regular coating

Shellac, gelatin, gluten

Examples of enteric coating

cellulose acetate phthalate