Chapter 16

Question 1

Natural philosophy

Answer 1

An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned. It encompassed what we would call science today

Question 2

Copernican hypothesis

Answer 2

And the idea that the sun not the Earth was the center of the universe.

Question 3

Experimental method

Answer 3

The approach pioneered by Galileo that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through repeatable experiments rather than speculation

Question 4

Law of inertia

Answer 4

A law firmly up by Galileo that states them that motion not rest it’s the natural state of an object in that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force

Question 5

Law of universal gravitation

Answer 5

Newton’s law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object’s quantity of matter and adversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

Question 6

Empiricism

Answer 6

a theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation or rather than deductive reason and speculation

Question 7

Cartesian dualism

Answer 7

Descarte’s video that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter

Question 8

Enlightenment

Answer 8

the influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries and that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.

Question 9

Rationalism

Answer 9

a secular critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith and everything was to be submitted to reason

Question 10

Philosophes

Answer 10

A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the age of enlightenment

Question 11

Reading revolution

Answer 11

The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consists of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broadened diverse

Question 12

Salon

Answer 12

regular social gathering held by talented and rich parisians in their homes where philosophes and their followers met to discuss and literature science and philosophy

Question 13

Rococo

Answer 13

a popular style in Europe in the 18th century known for its soft pastels ornate interiors sentimental portraits and starry eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids

Question 14

Public sphere

Answer 14

eight indealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the alignment where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society economics and politics

Question 15

Enlightened absolutism

Answer 15

term coined by historians to describe the role of 18th century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted it enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.

Question 16

Cameralism

Answer 16

If you use that monarchy was the best form of government, that all in elements of society should serve the monarch and that intern the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good

Question 17

Haskalah

Answer 17

The Jewish enlightenment of the second half of the 18th century led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn