Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

In Fredrick griffiths experiment why did the mice injected with both heat killed s cells and living r cells die, when neither one alone was fatal?

A

The r bacteria was transformed into an s bacteria by an unknown heritable substance

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2
Q

A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external dna by a cell

A

Transformation

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3
Q

Viruses that infect bacteria

A

Bacteriophages

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4
Q

Hershey and chase created phages with radioactive protein and phages with radioactive DNA. Which one resulted in radioactive bacteria? Why?

A

DNA

it functions as the genetic material of phage t2

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5
Q

What year did Watson crick publish their structure for DNA

A

1953

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6
Q

Chargoffs rule

A

A=t

C=g

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7
Q

Two strands of DNA w double helix and sugar-phosphate backbone

A

See chapter notes

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8
Q

Nucleotide pairs

A

C & G

A & T

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9
Q

DNA is replicated by base pairing to a template strand. If you missed class and copied your friends notes, who’s notes are acting as a template?

A

The friends

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10
Q

In a new DNA molecule ___ of the new double helix is made up of nucleotides from the previously existing molecule

A

Half

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11
Q

DNA replication can only begin at particular called

A

Origins of replication

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12
Q

Diagram of replication fork

A

See chapter notes

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13
Q

Unwinds and pulls apart the 2 DNA strands

A

Helicase

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14
Q

Prevents over winding

A

Topi isomerism

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15
Q

Builds primer (short RNA sequence to begin new strand)

A

Promise

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16
Q

Adds DNA nucleotides to 3’ end of growing strand

A

DNA polymerase

17
Q

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to an existing chain, so in order to initiate replication it requires a short chain of RNA called

18
Q

Bc of the antiparallel structure of DNA, each single strand has a 3’ end a

19
Q

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the ___ end of the growing new strand

20
Q

Elongation occurs in the direction away from the ___ end of the template strand and towards the ____ end of the template strand

21
Q

The lagging strand cannot be but in one continuous piece, and must be pieces together as a series of segments called

A

Okazaki fragments

22
Q

Each of these segments begins with a ____ made of RNA

23
Q

A primer is eventually replaced with DNA by the enzyme ____

A

DNA polymerase

24
Q

The segments are joined together into a continuous strand by the enzyme

A

DNA ligase

25
Mechanisms for minimizing errors in DNA replication
Proofreading by the enzyme DNA polymerase during replication Removal and replacement of incorrect nucleotides during replication, in a process know as mismatch repair Removal of a damaged DNA strand after replication is complete by the enzyme nuclease
26
The 5' end of the lagging strand consists of a primer made of
RNA
27
This primer cannot be replaced because DNA polymerase ____ add nucleotides to the 5' end of the strands
Cannot
28
With each replication, a linear chromosome becomes
Shorter
29
The end of each of our chromosomes consists of a chunk of nonsense DNA known as
Telomeres
30
In germ cells (cells that produce egg and sperm) this nonsense DNA is lengthened by the enzyme
Telomerase
31
What would happen if you had no telomerase in your germ cells?
Babies would be born w no telomeres - would be born already old
32
What would happen if you had telomeres in all of your cells?
More susceptible to cancer