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Psychology 121 > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Drug Treatments?

A

Medications that alter the production of or response to neurotransmitters in the brain.

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2
Q

What are Antipsychotic Drugs?

A
  • ->Drugs used primarily in the treatment of schizophrenic & other psychotic disorders
  • ->Most designed to block or reduce the sensitivity of brain receptors that respond to dopamine.
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3
Q

What are some effects of Antipsychotic Drugs? (4)

A

Side effects include muscular rigidity, tremors, and involuntary muscle movements (tardive dyskinesia)

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4
Q

What are Antidepressant drugs?

A

Drugs used primarily in the treatment of mood disorders, especially depression & anxiety. Produce unpleasant physical reactions.

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5
Q

What are the 3 classes of antidepressants?

A
  1. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
  2. Tricyclic antidepressants
  3. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)-raise the levels of serotonin in the synapse by blocking its reabsorption
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6
Q

What are Anti-anxiety drugs (tranquilizers)?

A

Drugs commonly but often inappropriately prescribed for patients who complain of unhappiness, anxiety, or worry

  • ->Useful as short-term treatment of of panic disorder
  • ->Increase activity of GABA
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7
Q

What is Lithium Carbonate?

A

Drug frequently given to people suffering from bipolar (moderates norepinephrine & stops overstimulation from glutamate).

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8
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

The apparent success of a medication or treatment due to the patient’s expectations or hope rather than to the drug itself.

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9
Q

List 6 limitations to drug use.

A
  1. The placebo effect.
  2. high relapse and dropout rates.
  3. Dosage problems
  4. Disregard for effective, possibly better, nonmedical treatments
  5. Unknown long-term risks
  6. Untested off-label uses ( if they are used for the wrong age group of condition)
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10
Q

What is the therapeutic window?

A

The amount that is enough but not too much?

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11
Q

What is Psychosurgery?

A

Any surgical procedure that destroys selected areas of the brain believed to be involved in emotional disorders or violent, impulsive behaviour (e.g., prefrontal lobotomy)

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12
Q

What is Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) otherwise known as shock therapy?

A

A procedure used in cases of prolonged and severe major depression, in which a brief brain seizure is induced. It is still used in extreme cases.

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13
Q

What is the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

A newer alternative to shock therapy which is used for milder stimulation.

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14
Q

What are 6 different types of psychotherapy?

A
  1. Psychodynamic therapy
  2. Behavioural therapy
  3. Cognitive therapy
  4. Humanist therapy
  5. Existential therapy
  6. Family & couples therapy
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15
Q

What is psychodynamic theory?

A

Relied on Freud’s method of psychoanalysis & traditionally involved free association.
Evolved into many psychodynamic or “depth” therapies.

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16
Q

What is transference?

A

A transference process is where client transfers unconscious emotions or reactions (e.g., feelings about parents) onto the therapist. (A part of psychodynamic therapy).

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17
Q

What is Behaviour Therapy?

A

Therapy that applies principles of classical and operant conditioning to help people change self-defeating or problematic behaviours (if you do this, you can have this). It uses a variety of method dependant on the problem or the situation.

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18
Q

What are 4 Behavioural Techniques?

A
  1. Exposure (graduated and flooding)
  2. Systematic Desensitization
  3. Behavioural self-monitoring
  4. Skills training
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19
Q

What is graduated exposure?

A

Method where a person suffering from a phobia or panic attacks is gradually taken into the feared situation or exposed to a traumatic memory until the fear subsides

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20
Q

What is Flooding?

A

A form of exposure treatment in which the client is taken directly into the feared situation until his or her anxiety subsides.

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21
Q

What is Systematic Desensitization ?

A

Step-by-step process of desensitizing a client to a feared object or experience. Based on counter-conditoning.

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22
Q

What is counter-conditioning?

A

A process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response.

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23
Q

What is Behavioural self-monitoring?

A

A method of keeping careful data on the frequency and consequences of the behaviour to be changes.

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24
Q

What is Skill training?

A

An effort to teach the client skills the he or she may lack, as well as new constructive behaviours to replace self-defeating ones.

25
Q

Cognitive Theory

A

Form of therapy designed to identify and change irrational, unproductive ways of thinking and, hence, to reduce negative emotions.

26
Q

What is Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT)

A

A type of cognitive therapy designed to challenge client’s unrealistic thoughts (e.g., overgeneralizations, catastrophizing) (Ellis).

27
Q

What is Stress Inoculation?

A

A type of cognitive therapy used to treat anxiety.

28
Q

What are the 3 stages of Stress Inoculation?

A
  1. Educational Phase
  2. Rehearsal Phase
  3. Implementation phase
29
Q

What is the Education phase of Inoculation?

A

Individual is taught about anxiety and works to identify situations that generate anxiety.

30
Q

What is the Rehearsal phase of Inoculation?

A

Person is taught how to manage anxiety and practices being exposed to threatening situations.

31
Q

What is the Implementation phase of Inoculation?

A

Client deals with anxiety-provoking stimuli in real-world situations.

32
Q

What is a root cause of procrastination?

A

Many procrastinators are perfectionists (if you can’t do it perfectly, then don’t do it at all)
Failure to accept limitations leads to impossible standards & catastrophizing (rather than rational responses)

33
Q

What is Humanist therapy?

A

Form of psychotherapy based on the philosophy of humanism, which emphasizes the client’s free will to change rather than past conflicts.

34
Q

What is Client Centred therapy?

A

A type of humans therapy which emphasizes therapist’s empathy with the client and the use of unconditional positive regard.

35
Q

What is Existential therapy?

A

Form of therapy designed to help clients explore the meaning of existence and face the great questions of life, such as death, freedom, alienation, and loneliness

  • ->Crucial step to take self-responsibility for circumstances
  • ->Helps clients cope with inescapable realities of life and death and struggle for meaning
36
Q

What is Family Therapy?

A

Perspective that holds that an individual’s problem develops in the context of the family, sustained by family dynamics, and that changes affect all members of the family.

37
Q

What is a family-systems perspective?

A

Approach that identifies how each family member forms a larger part of an interacting system.

38
Q

What is Couples therapy?

A

Approach where therapist sees both partners in a couple and helps them to manage inevitable conflicts that occur in all relationships.

39
Q

How can ones evaluate psychotherapy?

A

Success of therapy depends on quality of relationship between therapist & client.

40
Q

What is a Therapeutic Alliance?

A

A bond of confidence and mutual understanding established between therapist and client, which allows them to work together to solve the client’s problems.

41
Q

What is the Scientist-Practioner gap?

A

Breach between scientists & therapists over different assumptions held by researchers and many clinicians regarding the value of empirical research for doing psychotherapy and for assessing its effectiveness
–> Practitioners argue that therapy isn’t about techniques but relationships and complexities

42
Q

List some ‘new’ therapies. (2)

A
  1. Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP)

2. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR

43
Q

What are Randomized controlled trials?

A

People with a given problem or disorder are randomly assigned to one or more treatment groups or to a control group; designed to evaluate effectiveness of new medication or form of therapy.

44
Q

What is Critical Incident Stress Debriefing?

A

Used as an intervention immediately following disasters to decrease the rates of PTSD. Unfortunately it was found that highly emotional reactions to incidents + CISD showed higher stress symptoms.

45
Q

What type of therapy is suggested for depression?

A

Cognitive therapy

46
Q

What type of therapy is used in the prevention of suicide?

A

Cognitive therapy

47
Q

What types of therapy is used for anxiety disorders?

A

Exposure techniques and cognitive therapy.

48
Q

What type of therapy is used for individuals with anger and impulsive violence?

A

Cognitive therapy.

49
Q

What types of therapy are used to treat health problems?

A

Behaviour and cognitive therapy.

50
Q

What types of therapy are used to treat Childhood and adolescent problems?

A

Behaviour therapy.

51
Q

What type of therapy is used in relapse prevention?

A

Cognitive-behavioural approaches.

52
Q

What is Motivational Interviewing?

A

Therapy for treating alcohol abuse that focuses specifically on increasing a client’s motivation to change problem drinking. Effective early on and can be combined with other techniques.

53
Q

What is Multisystemic Therapy?

A

Community intervention that combines family systems techniques with behavioural methods

  • ->Applied in context of forming “neighbourhood partnerships” with local leaders, residents, parents, and teachers to help prevent or reduce teenagers problems
  • ->Used for teen violence, criminal activity, drug abuse and school problems
54
Q

When does therapy harms patients? (4)

A
  1. The use of empirically unsupported, potentially dangerous techniques (e.g., rebirthing, recovered memory therapies)
  2. Inappropriate or coercive influence, which can create new problems for the client
  3. Prejudice or cultural ignorance on the part of the therapist
  4. Sexual intimacies or other unethical behaviour on the part of the therapist
55
Q

What 3 things should customers think about when considering psychotherapy?

A
  1. Choosing a therapist
  2. Choosing a therapy
  3. Deciding when to leave
56
Q

What do Self-help groups do?

A
  • -> Offer understanding, empathy, and solutions to shared problems
  • -> Do not offer psychotherapy, and are not designed to help serious psychological difficulties
  • ->Not regulated by law or any professional standards
57
Q

Problems with Self-help books. (2)

A
  • -> Often do not deliver what they promise

- -> Suggested methods are often untested.

58
Q

How does one evaluate self-help books? (3)

A
  • -> Book’s advice should be based on scientific theory
  • -> The book should not promise the impossible
  • -> The advice should be organized in a systemic program

Psychology 121 (10 decks)

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