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Psychology 121 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A
  • A distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviour, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual
  • Pattern may consist of many distinctive traits
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2
Q

Traits

A

a characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, or feeling

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3
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy that emphasizes uncuncious motives and conflicts

Originally formulated by Sigmund Freud

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4
Q

Psychodynamic

A

explains personality in terms of unconscious energy dynamics within the individual

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5
Q

Structure of Personality

A

ID, Ego, and Superego

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6
Q

ID (Instinctive drives)

A

part of personality that contains inherited psychic energy, particularly sexual (libido) & aggressive impulses

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7
Q

Ego

A

part of personality that represents reason, good sense, and rational self-control

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8
Q

Superego

A

the part of personality that represents conscience, morality, and social standards

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9
Q

Defence Mechanism

A

When the id and superego are in conflict, the ego deals with this tension through the use of defense mechanisms

  • Methods used by the ego to prevent unconscious anxiety or threatening thoughts from entering consciousness
  • Many mechanisms proposed but some more common than others
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10
Q

Types of Defence Mechanisms (6)

A

Repression, projection, replacement, reaction formation, regression, denial

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11
Q

Repression

A

the selective, involuntary pushing of threatening or upsetting information into the unconscious

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12
Q

Projection

A

a person’s unacceptable or threatening feelings being repressed and then attributed to someone else

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13
Q

Displacement

A

when people direct their emotions (especially anger) toward things, animals, or other people that are not the real object of their feelings. (Called sublimation when serves a higher cultural or social purpose)

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14
Q

Reaction formation

A

when a feeling that produces unconscious anxiety is transformed into its opposite in consciousness

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15
Q

Regression

A

when a person reverts to a previous phase of psychological development

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16
Q

Denial

A

when people refuse to admit something unpleasant is happening, that they have a problem, or that they are feeling a forbidden emotion
Protects self image and preserves illusion of invulnerability

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17
Q

Freud’s Psychosexual

A

A series of different forms of sexual energy into which personality develops as the child matures

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18
Q

Stages of Freud’s ‘Psychosexual’ (5)

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

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19
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

conflict in the phallic stage where a child desires the parent of the other sex and views the same-sex parent as a rival

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20
Q

Fixated

A

The level when conflict and anxiety aren’t resolved and they become fixated at that level

21
Q

Jungian theory & collective unconscious

A

The universal memories and experiences of humankind, represented in symbols, stories, and images (archetypes) that occur across all cultures

22
Q

Archetypes

A

symbolic images that appear in myths, art, stories, and dreams.

  • Shadow
  • Anima/Animus
23
Q

Shadow

A

bestial, evil side of nature

24
Q

Anima/Animus

A

Feminine and masculine

25
Q

Object-Relations school

A

Emphasized the importance of the infant’s first two years of life and the baby’s formative relationships, especially with the mother

26
Q

Psychodynamic theories guilty of three scientific failings:

A
  1. Violating the principle of falsifiability
  2. Drawing universal principles from the experiences of a few atypical patients
  3. Basing theories of personality development on retrospective accounts of adults
27
Q

Objective inventories

A
  • Standardized questionnaires requiring written responses

- Typically include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves

28
Q

Core Personality Traits

A

Allport evaluated personality traits based on their influence on a person’s life

29
Q

Central Traits

A

aspects of personality that reflect a characteristic way of behaving, dealing with others, and reacting to new situations

30
Q

Secondary Traits

A

changeable aspects of personality

31
Q

Factor analysis

A

often used to identify clusters of behaviours that are measured by a common underlying factor

32
Q

Most researchers agree on the centrality of five core traits in personality

A
  1. Extroversion versus introversion
  2. Neuroticism (negative emotionality) versus emotional stability
  3. Agreeableness versus antagonism
  4. Conscientiousness versus impulsiveness
  5. Openness to experience versus resistance to new experience
33
Q

The Big Five

A

Culture can influence the expression of traits & how they are reflected in language (even nonverbal signs)
-Big Five are relatively stable, but may reflect maturational changes over lifespan

34
Q

Animal Personalities

A
  • Research has argued that some nonhuman species show ‘personality’
  • Ratings of personalities of dogs between dog, owners, their friends, and neutral observers all showed strong agreement (Dimensions of extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, and openness to experience)
35
Q

What aspects of personality may have an inherited component?

A

Temperaments and heritability

36
Q

Temperaments

A
  • Physiological dispositions to respond to the environment in certain ways
  • Present in infancy and in many nonhuman species and assumed to be innate (Include reactivity, soothability, impulsivity, positive and negative emotionality)
37
Q

Heritability

A
  • A statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group
  • Often examine adoption and twin studies (heritability for traits in twins around .50)
  • Canadian researchers have found that similarities in personality increase with age
38
Q

If genetic theories are correct, we may not be able to transform personalities drastically

A

Implications for realistic goals in therapy

Focus on living with temperaments we have

39
Q

Be careful not to oversimplify support for genetic influences

A

Genetic predisposition ≠ genetic inevitability

Don’t overlook role of environment & experience

40
Q

Three primary aspects of environmental influence that have been examined:

A
  1. Situational and Social learning
  2. Parental Influence
  3. Peer Influences
41
Q

Situational and Social Learning

A

Display different behaviours in different contexts

Central personality traits acquired from learning history & expectations/beliefs

Acknowledgement that people can have a core set of traits and their behaviour can vary across situations

42
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

In social-cognitive theories, the two-way interaction between aspects of the environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits

Accounts for aspects of non-shared environments

43
Q

Parental Influence

A

Western belief that child-rearing practices are the strongest influence on children’s personality development

Especially in cases where public is looking for someone to blame for horrible events

44
Q

Belief that personality primarily determined by parental treatment discounted on the basis of three sources of evidence: (3)

A
  1. The shared environment of the home has little if any influence on personality
  2. Few parents have a single child-rearing style that is consistent over time and that they use with all their children-different children may require different styles
  3. Even when parents try to be consistent in the way they treat their children, there may be little relation between what they do and how the children turn out
45
Q

Peer Influences

A

Conformity to dress, habits, language, & rules of peers can be highly influential

Identification with peer group is key to survival of the next generation (peer acceptance very important)

Peers shape expression of personality traits, with emphasis on some and downplaying others

Personality may also influence the types of peers we are drawn to in the first place

46
Q

Culture

A

A program of shared rules that governs the behaviour of members of a community or society and a set of values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by most members of that community

May be as influential as any biological process

47
Q

Individualistic cultures

A

Cultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous, and individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations with others

48
Q

Collectivistic cultures

A

Cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships, and harmony with one’s group is prized above individual goals and wishes (pg. 28)

Psychology 121 (10 decks)

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