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Psychology 121 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology

A

The discipline concerned with behaviour and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism’s physical state, mental state, and external environment **not a pseudoscience

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2
Q

Empirical Evidence

A

Evidence gathered by careful observation, experimentation, or measurement

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3
Q

Psychobabble

A

confirms unsupported popular opinion

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4
Q

Critical Thinking

A

The ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgements on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence, rather than emotion or anecdote

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5
Q

8 Critical Thinking Guidelines

A
  1. Ask Questions: Be Willing to Wonder
  2. Define your terms
  3. Examine the evidence
  4. Analyze assumptions and biases
  5. Avoid emotional reasoning (often overrides common sense)
  6. Dont oversimplify (look at all angles)
  7. Consider other interpretations
  8. Tolerate uncertainty (its okay not to know how you feel about an answer)
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6
Q

Psychology’s Past

A

Did not rely on empirical methods and evidence

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7
Q

Phrenology

A

Discredited theory that different brain areas account for specific personality traits. Can be ‘read’ from bumps on the skull.

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8
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Established first psychological laboratory, 1879 at the University of Leipzig. His goal was too make psychology a science.

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9
Q

Early Psychologies (3)

A
  1. Stucturalism
  2. Functionalism
  3. Psychoanalysis
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10
Q

Structuralism

A

Early approach that emphasized the analysis of immediate experience into basic elements (Wundt & Titchener)

Interested in what happens

Introspection
Observe, analyze and describe your own sensation, mental images, and emotional reactions

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11
Q

Functionalism

A

Early approach that emphasized the function or purpose of behaviour of consciousness (James & Darwin)

Interested in how and why something happens

Functionalists broadened field of psychology to include the study of children, animals, religious experiences and stream of consciousness

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12
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy (freud)

Physical symptoms due to trauma or conflicts from early childhood

Emphasized unconscious motives and desires (i.e., sexual & aggressive)

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13
Q

Major Psychological Perspectives (5)

A
  1. Biological perspective
  2. Learning perspective
  3. Cognitive perspective
  4. Socio-cultural perspective
  5. Psychodynamic perspective
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14
Q

Biological Perspective and What it Involves

A

Approach that emphasizes how bodily events affect behaviour, feelings, and thoughts.
The Biological Perspective includes:
1. hormones
2. brain chemistry
3. heredity
4. evolutionary psychology : how past adaptive behaviours are reflected in present behaviour

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15
Q

Learning Perspective and What it Involves

A

Approach concerned with how the environment and experience affect a person’s (or animal’s) actions.
This perspective involves:
1. Behaviourism (how environmental rewards and punishments influence behaviour
2. Social-Cognitive Learning Theories (combine elements of behaviourism with thoughts, values, expectations, and intentions. everything is learned)

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16
Q

Cognitive Perspective and What it Involves

A

Approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and reasoning.
This perspective involves:
1. Computer models of cognition
2. Infant thinking
3. Intelligence testing
cognition: data goes in, is processed, and comes out ***

17
Q

Socio-cultural Perspective and What it Involves

A

Approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behaviour.
This perspective involves:
1. Social psychology (study of rules, roles, groups, and relationships)
2. Cultural psychology (study of cultural norms, values, and expectations)

18
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective and What it Involves

A

Approach that emphasizes unconscious dynamic within the individual, such as inner forces, conflicts, or instinctual energy.

This perspective involves unconscious thoughts, desires, and conflicts.

Suppressing thoughts can be dangerous when brought to the surface.

Connected to all other areas of psychology, but distinct in its language, methods, and standards or evidence.

19
Q

Other Influential Movements (2)

A
  1. Humanist Perspective: positive

2. Feminist Perspective: equality for oppressed females

20
Q

Humanist Psychology

A

Approach emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of human potential.

This approach:

  1. Rejected psychoanalysis and behaviourism
  2. Emphasized creativity, free will, resilience
  3. Linked to the development of positive psychology, focuses on happiness, optimism, and resilience in humans.

**Not born bas, genes do not make things inevitable, instead you have vulnerability

21
Q

Feminist Psychology

A

Approach that analyzes social inequalities on gender relations and on the behaviour of the two sexes.

This approach:

  1. Recognized male bias in research methods
  2. Broadened research focus (gender roles)
  3. Questioned research used to justify lower status of disadvantaged groups
22
Q

What Psychologists Do (3)

A
  1. Teaching and doing research in colleges and universities
  2. Providing health or mental-health services (psychological practice)
  3. Conducting applied research for non-academic settings (business, sports, law, and military)
23
Q

Psychological Research Areas (2)

A
  1. Basic Psychology: “pure” research conducted to seek knowledge for its own sake
  2. Applied Psychology: finds practical uses for the knowledge gained from research
24
Q

2 Major Nonclinical Specialities in Psychology

A
  1. Experimental Psychologists: research learning, motivation, emotion, sensation and perception, physiology, and cognition
  2. Educational Psychologists: search fro ways to improve the educational system (employed by school divisions, do psychological assessments)
25
Q

Developmental Psychologists

A

Study how people grow and change over time

26
Q

Industrial/ Organizational Psychologist

A

Study the behaviour in the workplace (decision-making, employee morale, work motivations, etc.)

27
Q

Psychometric Psychologists

A

Design and evaluate tests of mental abilities, aptitudes, interests, and personality

28
Q

Counselling Psychologists

A

Helps with everyday problems

29
Q

School Psychologists

A

Work with parents and teachers to enhance performance

30
Q

Clinical Psychologists

A

Diagnose, treatment and study mental and emotional problems

31
Q

Psychological Practice (degrees)

A

Most clinical psychologists have PhD, EdD, or a PsyD (doctorate in psychology). 4-5 yrs graduate work in psychology and 1 year of internship. Memorial University was the first to offer a PsyD.

32
Q

Clinical Psychologists are NOT (3)

A
  1. Psychotherapists: anyone who does any kind of psychotherapy
  2. Psychoanalysis: Individuals who have trained in and practice psychoanalysis
  3. Psychiatrists: Medical doctor who diagnose and treat mental disorders
33
Q

Other Mental Health Professionals (2)

A
  1. Licensed Clinical Social Worker
  2. Marriage, family, and child counsellors (MFCCs) : requirements vary between provinces, but typically include a master’s degree in psychology and 1-2 years supervised experience.
34
Q

Concerns About Clinical Psychology’s Future (3)

A
  1. Number of psychotherapists and counsellors who are unschooled in research methods ad empirical findings in psychology
  2. Use of unvalidated therapy techniques
  3. Lowering the standards of clinical programs

**Some clinicians calling for collaboration between researchers and clinicians

35
Q

Canadian Psychological Association (CPA)- 1939

A

Advances psychological research

  • published journals
  • sponsors conferences

Promotes and regulates psychological education

Supports practice of psychology in Canada

36
Q

American Psychological Association (APA)

A

Psychology’s largest professional organization

53 divisions of psychology

Includes major areas (e.g. developmental, physiological)

Many specific research or professional interests

37
Q

Biology’s Influence on Behaviour (3 professions)

A
  1. Neuropsychology
  2. Social Neuroscience
  3. Cognitive Neuropsychology
38
Q

Culture’s Influence on Behaviour

A

Cognitive psychologist consider cultural influence on achievement, problem solving, and test performance

39
Q

Common Interests in all areas of Psychology

A

Interest in understanding humand behaviour and the human mind

Psychology 121 (10 decks)

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