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Psychology 121 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Emotion is a state of arousal involving:

A
  • Physiological changes in the face, brain, and body
  • Cognitive processes such as interpretation of events
  • Cultural influences that shape the experience and expression of emotion
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2
Q

Primary Emotions

A

Emotions considered to be universal and biologically based

Generally include fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, disgust, and contempt

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3
Q

Secondary Emotions

A

Emotions that develop with cognitive maturity and vary across individuals and cultures. (ecstatic, hopeful, depressed, anxious)

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4
Q

Evolutionary explanations say that emotions…

A

are hardwired and have survival functions

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5
Q

The 7 universally recognized facial expressions

A

Anger, happiness, fear, surprise, disgust, sadness, and contempt

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6
Q

Universal facial expression

A

Emotions recognized cross-culturally

Genuine versus fake emotions can be distinguished

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7
Q

Facial Feedback hypothesis

A

The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed

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8
Q

Emotions help us communicate emotional states & signal others. When does this begin?

A

Begins in infancy, babies convey emotions & can interpret parental expressions

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9
Q

What are the cultural and social limits to the readability of facial expressions? (3)

A
  1. People better at identifying emotions in own ethnic, national, or regional group
  2. Facial expressions can have different meanings within a culture
  3. Facial expressions do not always represent the emotion being experienced
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10
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

The most forward part of the frontal lobes of the brain, linked to emotional regulation

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11
Q

Left prefrontal cortex

A

involved in motivation to approach others; damage results in loss of joy

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12
Q

Right prefrontal cortex

A

Involved in withdrawal and escape; damage results in excessive mania & euphoria

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13
Q

Emotional Regulation

A

modifying and controlling what we feel

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14
Q

Amygdala (3)

A
  1. A brain structure involved in the arousal and regulation of emotion and the initial emotional response to sensory information
  2. Assesses threat
  3. Damage results in abnormality in processing fear
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15
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Brain cells that fire when a person or animal observes others carrying out an action, they are involved in empathy, imitation, and reading emotions

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16
Q

Examples of Mirror Neurones (2)

A
  1. Monkey see, monkey do… how they discovered it was in a lab in Italy. When the monkey took a peanut they made a sound, they made the same noise when a human took it. They could not distinguish the difference. Copying is the best way to learn.
  2. cringing at other people’s behaviour
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17
Q

Mood contagion

A

A mood spreading from one person to another, as facial expressions of emotion in the first person generate emotions in the other
-Nonverbal signals can cue emotional responses in others as well

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18
Q

What hormones are released when experiencing intense emotions or when one is under stress?

A

Epinephrine & norepinephrine

  • Results in increased alertness and arousal
  • At high levels, it can create the sensation of being out of control emotionally
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19
Q

Polygraph machine

A
  • Machine used to measure emotional arousal of a person who is guilty and fearful of being found out
  • Detects increased autonomic nervous system activity while responding to incrimination questions
  • Typical measures galvanic skin response (sweat); pulse, blood pressure; breathing; fidgeting (people feeling guilt)
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20
Q

What are the possible problems with lie detectors?

A
  • May end up falsely indicating that truthful people are lying
  • Not admissible in court
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21
Q

Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT)

A

multiple choice questions to figure out what concealed knowledge they are hiding

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22
Q

What are the 2 factors experience of emotion depends on?

A

Physiological arousal & cognitive interpretation

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23
Q

Attributions

A
  • The explanations that people make of their own and other people’s behaviour
  • Your interpretation of behaviour generates the emotional response (e.g., how you explain outcome of winning silver medal instead of gold?)
  • Relates to upwards & downwards social comparisons, complex emotions, and our ability to feel conflicting emotions at the same time
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24
Q

What is the correlation between cognitions and emotions?

A
  • Cognitions affect emotions, and emotional states affect cognitions
  • Some emotions require only simple cognitions or may involved conditioned responses (e.g., infants)
  • Cognitive and emotional developments occur together, become more complex with age and experience
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25
Q

What happens in regards to children’s emotions as they age?

A
  • Young children express prototypical emotions first through words- “I’m happy, I’m sad, I’m mad,”
  • As children age, emotional distinctions specific to their language & culture emerge
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26
Q

What kind of effect does culture have on emotions?

A

Culture may influence which emotions are defined as basic or primary

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27
Q

Display Rules

A

Social & cultural rules that regulate when, how, and where a person may express (or must suppress) emotions

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28
Q

Body Language

A
  • Nonverbal signals of body movement, posture, gesture, and gaze
  • Some signals of body language may be universal (e.g., movements that reflect displeasure, tension, grief, anger)
  • Discomfort when languages & conversations are mismatched
29
Q

How do stereotypes associate emotion with sex?

A
  • People see what they expect to see
  • Differences exist in how emotions are expressed, and how they are perceived by others.
  • Stereotypical gender differences may arise from the fact that women are more willing to express their feelings
30
Q

Women are more likely to (6) in regards to emotions.

A
  1. Smile more often
  2. Gaze at listeners more
  3. Have more emotionally expressive faces
  4. Use expressive hand & body movements
  5. Touch others more often
  6. Talk about their emotions
31
Q

Men are more likely to….(1)

A
  • Anger towards strangers, especially other men, when challenged or insulted
  • Expectation that men will control or mask negative emotions
  • Consequence is increased difficulty in recognizing when men are seriously unhappy
32
Q

What is stress?

A

Stress is influenced by physiology, cognitive processes, and cultural rules

33
Q

What are some things which influence stress?

A

conflict with parents or partner, frustration with life, feeling overwhelmed with work or caring for others, etc.

34
Q

General adaptations syndrome (Hans Selye)

A

A series of physiological responses to stressors that occur in three stages:

  1. alarm
  2. resistance
  3. exhaustion
35
Q

Alarm Phase

A
  • Body mobilizes the sympathetic nervous system to deal with immediate threat
  • Release of adrenal hormones
  • Alarm phase corresponds to the fight or flight response
36
Q

Resistance Phase

A

Body attempts to resist or cope with stressor that cannot be avoided
Physiological alarm responses occur but increase vulnerability to other stressors

37
Q

Exhaustion Phase

A

Persistent stress depletes the body of energy

Increased vulnerability to physical problems & illness

38
Q

HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex) axis

A
  • A system activated to energize the body to respond to stressors (crucial for short-term stress responses)
  • Hypothalamus sends chemical messengers to the pituitary
  • Pituitary then prompts the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and other hormones
39
Q

Lower socioeconomic associated with worse health and higher mortality rates because: (4)

A
  1. Less likely to go to a doctor or fill prescriptions
  2. Have high-fat diets, consume inadequate vitamins and minerals
  3. More likely to be obese
  4. Live in areas of higher crime, fewer community services, run-down housing, greater exposure to chemical contamination
40
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

A
  • The study of the relationships among psychology, the nervous and endocrine systems, & the immune system
  • Study antigens, which are white blood cells designed to recognize foreign or harmful substances & destroy them
  • Chronic stress can weaken or suppress the immune system (feelings of stress can be as important as actual stress)
41
Q

Optimism

A

general expectation that things will go well despite setbacks – associated with better health relative to pessimists

42
Q

Relative to pessimists, optimists tend to.. (4)

A
  1. Live longer (lower HPA activation in response to stress)
  2. Be active problem-solvers
  3. Don’t give up or escape
  4. Keep a sense of humour
43
Q

Locus of control

A

A general expectation about whether the results of your actions are under your own control (internal locus) or beyond your control (external locus)
-Feelings of control can reduce or even eliminate the relationship between stressors and health

44
Q

Primary control

A

an effort to modify reality by changing other people, the situation, or events

45
Q

Secondary control

A

an effort to accept reality by changing your own attitudes, goals or emotions

46
Q

Hostility & Depression lead to higher risks…

A

Heart disease and Heart attack
(Cynical & antagonistic hostility increases risk of heart disease
Clinical depression also linked increased risk of heart attack)

47
Q

Health benefits of positive emotions

A

Positive emotions may counteract high arousal caused by negative emotions/chronic stressors

48
Q

Positive psychology

A

examines how positive emotions and personality traits enhance well-being, health and resilience

49
Q

Effects of loneliness

A

Social (longing for friendships) versus emotional (longing for significant others) loneliness
Eating patterns changed when people were lonely
Lonely individuals may discourage relationships by judgmental attitudes (towards self & others)
Men may be lonelier than women (inhibited expression)

50
Q

Suppression of negative emotions cause…

A

detrimental health effects, such as decreased white blood cell count

51
Q

Confession

A

(divulging private thoughts that make you ashamed or depressed) linked to better health
-Forgiveness as a strategy to let go of grudges linked to better physical outcomes

52
Q

Coping

A

Actively trying to manage our demands that feel stressful

53
Q

Immediate way of coping is to reduce physiological arousal (4)

A
  1. Massage
  2. Mindfulness meditation
  3. Exercise
  4. Engaging in enjoyable activity
54
Q

Emotion-focused coping

A

Dealing with a problem by concentrating on the emotions the problem has caused, whether anger, anxiety, or grief

55
Q

Problem-focused coping

A

Dealing with a problem by solving the problem itself

56
Q

Types of coping

A

Emotion focused and Problem focused. One often moves from emotion- to problem-focused coping over time & depending on nature of problem

57
Q

Three effective cognitive coping methods

A
  1. Reappraising the Situation
  2. Learning from the experience
  3. Making social comparisons
58
Q

Reappraising the Situation

A

Reappraisal: thinking about problem differently

59
Q

Learning from the experience

A

Looking for a positive change from the experience

60
Q

Making social comparisons

A

Social comparison: compare self to others who are believed to be less fortunate

61
Q

Social Support

A

Assistance from others in your network of family, friends, neighbours, and co-workers
-Social support may enhance health because it bolsters the immune system (greater sense of control & optimism)

62
Q

Friendships can reduce the risk of health problems

A

Associated with fewer colds, less harmful stress reactions, and longer lives

63
Q

Hug related from health

A

Under stress, women who got a supportive touch from their close partner resulted in a reduced stress response in the hypothalamus

64
Q

Social Support

A

Social support does not prevent all illness or prolong survival although it is beneficial
Different cultures have different definitions of “social support”

65
Q

Coping with unhealthy relations

A

Sometimes friends may be the source of unhappiness, stress & anger
Friends may be unsupportive or block your progress toward a goal

66
Q

Helping other overcome problems… (2)

A
  1. Associated with increased longevity

2. Stimulates optimism and restores sense of control (encourages problem-solving)

67
Q

Controlling anger

A

Venting typically worsens physical and mental discomfort

Can control subsequent behaviour

68
Q

How much control do we have?

A

Cannot completely control health and emotion, only how we respond

Psychology 121 (10 decks)

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