Chapter 15- Psychological Disorders Flashcards
Demonic model
view of mental illness in which odd behaviour, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body
malleus malleficarum
was used to assist in identifying witches, whose many religious figures believed were possessed by the devil
medical model
view of mental illness as due to a physical disorder requiring medical treatment
Asylums
institution for those with mental illness
moral treatment
approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness and respect for those with mental illness
deinstitutionalization
governmental policy in the 1960s and 1970s that focused in releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals
psychopathic personality
condition marked by dishonesty, manipulativeness and an absence of guilt and empathy
psychiatric diagnosis serve at least two critical functions
- They help us pinpoint the psychological problem
- psychiatric diagnoses make it easier for mental health professional to communicate
Labelling theorists
scholars who argue that psychiatric diagnoses exert powerful negative effects on people’s perceptions and behaviours
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)
diagnostic system containing the American psychiatric association criteria for mental disorders
prevalence
percentage of people within a population who have a specific mental disorder
Comorbidity
co-occurrence of two or more diagnoses within the same person
Categorical model
model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in kind rather than degree
Dimensional model
model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in degree rather than kind (opposite of categorical model)
insanity defence
legal defence proposing that people should not be held legally responsible for their actions if they were not of “sound mind” when committing them
involuntary commitment
procedure of placing some people with mental illnesses in a psychiatric hospital or other facility based on their potential danger to themselves or others, or their inability to care for themselves
somatic symptom disorder
conditions marked by physical symptoms that suggest an underlying medical illness, but that are actually psychological in origin
illness anxiety disorder
an individuals continual preoccupation with the notion that he or she has serious physical disease
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning
panic attacks
brief, intense episode of extreme fear characterized by sweating, dizziness, light headedness, racing heartbeat, and feelings of impending death or going crazy
panic disorder
repeated and unexpected panic attacks along with either persistent concerns about future attacks or a change in personal behaviour in an attempt to avoid them
phobia
intense fear of an object or situation that is greatly out of proportion to its actual threat
Agoraphobia
fear of being in a place or situation in which escape is difficult or embarrassing, or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack
specific phobias
intense fear of objects, places or situations that is greatly out of proportion to their actual threat
social anxiety disorder
intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event
obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD)
condition marked by repeated and lengthy ( at least one hour a day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions or both
obsession
persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate and cause marked distress
compulsions
repetitive behaviours or mental acts that they undertake to reduce or prevent distress, or relieve shame and guilt
hoarding
is a serious combination of impulsiveness, reflected in the urge to accumulate, compulsive acquisition of obsessions and anxiety related avoidance of parting with what is hoarded
learning theorist beloved tidy fear can arise in two additional ways
- we can acquire fears by observing others engage in fearful behaviours
- fears can stem from information or misinformation from others
Anxiety Sensitivity
Fear of anxiety related sensations
Major depressive episode
state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties
cognitive model of depression
theory that depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations
Aaron Beck focused on the cognitive traits, three components of depressed thinking
- negative views of oneself
- negative views of the world
- negative views of the future
learned helplessness
tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can’t control
manic episodes
experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, greatly heightened energy, inflated self esteem, increased talkativeness and irresponsible behaviour
Bipolar disorder
condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode
personality disorder
condition in which personality traits, appearing first in adolescents, are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situation, and lead to distress or impairment
borderline personality disorder
condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control
psychopathic personality
condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centred ness, and risk taking
antisocial personality disorder
condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible and/or illegal actions
dissociative disorder
condition involving disruption in consciousness, memory, identity or perception
depersonalization/non-existent disorder
condition marked by multiple episodes of depersonalization
dissociative amnesia
Inability to recall important personal information most often related to a stressful experience that cannot be explained by ordinary forgetfulness
dissociative fugue
sudden, unexpected travel away from home or the workplace, accompanied by amnesia for significant life events
dissociative identity disorder
condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states that recurrently take control of the persons behaviour
Schizophrenia
sever disorder of thoughts and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality
delusions
strongly held, fixed beliefs that have no basis in reality
psychotic symptoms
psychological problems reflecting serious distortion of reality
Hallucinations
Sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of an external stimulus
catatonic symptoms
motor problems including extreme resistance to complying with simple suggestions, holding the body in bizarre or rigid postures, or curling up in a fetal position
diathesis stress model
perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability, called a diathesis and stressors that trigger this vulnerability
autism spectrum disorder
DSM-5 category that includes autistic disorder and Asperger’s disorder
Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
childhood condition marked by excessive inattention, impulsivity and activity
