Chapter 11- Emotion and Motivation Flashcards
Emotion
Mental state of feeling associated with our evaluation of our experiences
Discrete emotion theory
Theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in their biology
Primary emotions
Small number (7) of emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal
Seven primary emotions
- Happiness
- Sadness
- Surprise
- Anger
- Disgust
- Fear
- Contempt
“Pride” may also be a primary emotion
Display rules
Cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions
Genuine expression
Duchenne smile
Fake smile
Pan am smile (marked by the movement of the mouth but not the eyes)
Cognitive theories of emotions
Theories proposing that emotions are products of thinking
James-Lange theory of emotion
Theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli
Somatic marker theory
Theory proposing that we use our “gut reactions” to help us determine how we should act
Cannon-Bard theory
Theory proposing that an emotion-provoking even leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions
Two factor theory
Emotions are produced but an undifferentiated arousal (alterness), with an attribution of that arousal
Mere exposure effect
Phenomenon in which repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favourably towards
Facial feedback hypothesis
Theory that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain, altering our experience of emotions
Nonverbal leakage
Unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behaviour
Gestures can also convey emotion through 2 factors
- Illustrators
- Manipulators
Illustrators
Use when talking to highlight or accentuate the verbal message we are saying
Manipulators
Gestures of stroking, biting, pressing, or otherwise touching a part of one’s own body while under stress
Emblems
More culture- specific gestures
Such as okay sign, waving , thumbs up
Proxemics
Study of personal space
Four levels of distance
- Public distance (12 feet or more)
- Social distance (4-12 feet)
- Personal distance (1.5-4 feet
- Intimate distance (0-1.5 feet)
Pinocchio response
Supposedly perfect physiological or behavioural indicator of lying
Controlled questions test (CQT)
Most widely administered version of the polygraph test
Guilty knowledge test (GKT)
Alternative to the polygraph test that relies on the premises, that criminal harbour concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people do not
Integrity test
Questionnaire that presumably assesses workers’ tendency to steal or cheat
Broaden and build theory
Happiness predisposes us to think more openly, allowing us to see the “big picture”
Positive psychology
Discipline that has sought to emphasis human strength
Positivity effect
Tendency for people to remember more positive than negative information with age
Affective forecasting
Ability to predict our own and other’s happiness
Durability bias
Believe that both our good and bad moods will last longer than they do
Hedonic treadmill
Tendency for our mood to adapt to external circumstances
Self esteem
Evaluation of our worth
Narcissism
A personality trait marked by extreme self- centeredness
Positive illusions
Tendencies to perceive ourselves more favourably than others do
Defensive pessimism
Strategy of anticipating failures and compensating for this expectation by mentally overpreparing for negative outcomes
Motivation
Psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction
Drive reduction theory
Certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration, motivate us to act in ways that minimizes aversive states
Homeostasis
Equilibrium
Yerkes-Dodson law
Inverted U-shaped relation between arousal on the one hand, affect and performance on the other
What are the 4 conflicts we can face when our drives clash
- Approach-avoidance
- Approach-approach
- Avoidance-avoidance
- Double approach-avoidance
Incentive theories
Theories proposing that we are often motivated by positive goals
Hierarchy of needs
We must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs
Glucostatic theory
Theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose
2 factors of human needs
- Primary (biological), such as huger and thirst
- Secondary (psychology)
Lateral
Initiating
Ventromedial
Stopping
Lateral hypothalamus
Feeding center
Ventromedial hypothalamus
Satiety center
Ghrelin
Communicates with the hypothalamus to increase hunger
Cholecystokinin
Counteracts the effects of ghrelin and decreases hunger
Leptin
Hormones that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used
Set point
Value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain
Internal - external theory
Obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues than internal cues
Bulimia nervosa
Individuals engage in recurrent binge eating, followed by efforts to minimize weight gain
Anorexia nervosa
Eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss and irrational perception that one is overweight
Excitement phase
Phase in human sexual response in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological change’s associated with it
Libido
Sexual desire is a wish or craving for sexual activity and sexual pleasure
Serotonin and dopamine (key I’m sexual desire)
Play a role in explaining an intriguing link between migraine headaches and increased libido
Dopamine
Plays a role in reward
Sexual response cycle contains 4 phase:
- Excitement
- Plateau phase
- Orgasm (climax) phase
- Resolution phase
- Excitement phase
People experience sexual pleasure and start to notice physiological changes, such as penile erecting in men and vaginal swelling and lubrication in women
Plateau phase
Sexual tension builds
Orgasm (climax) phase
Sexual pleasure and physical changes peak, there are involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of the genitals in men and women, and men ejaculate
Resolution phase
Phase following the orgasm phase, where people report relaxation and sense of well-being as the body returns to its unstimulated state
Three major principles guide aide attraction and relationship formation
- Proximity
- Similarity
- Reciprocity
Proximity
Physical nearness, a predictor of attraction
Similarly
Extent to which we have things in common with other, a predictor of attraction
Reciprocity
Rule of give and take, a predictor of attraction
Serendipity
Sheer luck
Social role theory
Biological variables play a role in men’s and women’s preferences, but not in the way that evolutionary psychologists contend
Passionate love
Love marked by the powerful, even overwhelming, longing for one’s partner
Companionate love
Love marked by a sense of deep friendship and fondness for one’s partner
The three sides of love (triangle)
- Intimacy
- Passion
- Commitment
All form to from seven varieties of love
