Chapter-10 Human Development Flashcards
Development psychology
Is the study of how behaviour changes over the lifespan
Post hoc fallacy
False assumption that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused that event
Cross-sectional design
Research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time
Cohort Effect
Effect observed in a sample of participants that that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time
Longitudinal design
Research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time
Two myths concerning development
- Infant determinism
- Childhood fragility
Infant determinism
The widespread assumption that extremely early experiences (especially in the first three years of life) are almost always more influential than later experiences in shaping us as adults
Childhood fragility
Holds that children are delicate little creatures who are easily damaged
Gene environment Interaction
Situation in which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed
Nature via nurture
Children with certain genetic predispositions often seek out and create their own experiences
Gene expression
Activation or deactivation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development
Prenatal
Prior to birth
Development of a baby
- Stage 1 (germinal stage)
- Stage 2 (embryonic stage)
- Stage 3 (fetal stage)
Zygote
Fertilized egg
Blastocyst
Hall of identical cells early in pregnancy that have not yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part
Embryo
Second to eighth week of prenatal development, during which limbs, facial features and major organs of the body take form
Fetus
Period of prenatal development from ninth week until birth after all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primacy change
Three ways that fetal development can be distributed
- Exposure to hazardous environmental influences
- Biological influences resulting from genetic disorders or errors in cell duplication during cell division
- Premature birth
Teratogens
An environmental factor that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development
During pregnancy can cause harm
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Condition resulting from high levels of prenatal alcohol exposure, causing learning disabilities, physical growth, retardation, facial malformations and behavioural disorders
Genetic disorders
Genetic disorders or random errors in cell division are a second adverse influence or prenatal development
Motor behaviour
Bodily motion that occurs as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles
Infant motor development
Infants are born with a large set of autonomic motor behaviours (reflexes), important for survival needs
- such as sucking and rooting reflexes (eating)
Adolescence
The transition between childhood and adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years
Puberty
The achievement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce
Primary sex characteristic
A physical feature such as the reproductive organs and genitals that distinguish the sexes