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Psychology > Chapter- 13 Social Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter- 13 Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

social psychology

A

study of how people influence others behaviour, beliefs and attitudes

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2
Q

need to belong theory

A

him and have a biologically based need for interpersonal connections

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3
Q

Social comparison theory

A

people seek to evaluate their own beliefs and abilities by comparing them with those of others

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4
Q

Upward social comparison (Superior)

A

people who are not much different from us “if he can achieve that, I bet I can too”

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5
Q

Downward social comparison (inferiors)

A

we often end up feeling superior to our peers who are less competent than us in an important domain of life. Such as being the brightest students in a class of poorly performing students

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6
Q

Mass hysteria

A

outbreak of irrational behaviour that is spread by social contagious

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7
Q

collective delusions

A

Many people simultaneously come to be convinced of bizarre things that are false

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8
Q

Attribution

A

Process of assigning causes to behaviour

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9
Q

Urban legends

A

False stories that have been repeated so many times that people believe them to be true

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10
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other behaviour

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11
Q

conformity

A

refers to the tendency of people to alter their behaviour as a result of group pressure

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12
Q

3 types of independent variable

A
  1. unanimity
  2. difference in the wrong answer
  3. size
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13
Q

unanimity

A

If all confederates gave the wrong answer, the participant was more likely to conform. If one’s confederate gave the
the correct response, the level of conformity plummeted by 3/4

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14
Q

difference in the wrong answer

A

knowing that someone else in the group differed from the majority (even if that person held a different view from the participant), made the participant less likely to conform

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15
Q

size

A

the size is the majority made a difference, but only to about five or six confederates. people were no more likely to conform in a group of ten than in a group of five

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16
Q

Deindividuation

A

the tendency of people to engage in a typical behaviour when stripped of their usual identities

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17
Q

groupthink

A

An emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking

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18
Q

cults

A

groups that exhibits intense and questioning devotion to a single cause

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19
Q

cults promote groupthink in four major ways

A
  1. having a persuasive leader who fosters loyalty
  2. disconnecting group members from the outside world
  3. discouraging questioning of the groups assumptions
  4. establishing training practices that indoctrinate members
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20
Q

inoculation effect

A

approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct and then debunking those reasons

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21
Q

obedience

A

adherence to instructions from those of higher authority

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22
Q

social dilemma

A

a situation in which a self- interested choice by everyone will create the worst outcome for everyone

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23
Q

pro social behaviour

A

behaviour intended to help others

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24
Q

antisocial behaviour

A

Includes aggressive acts

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25
Q

pluralistic ignorance

A

the error of assuming that no one in the group perceives things as we do

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26
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

the presence of others make each
person feel less responsible for the outcome

27
Q

social loafing

A

phenomenon in which people slack off in groups

28
Q

altruism

A

helping others for unselfish reasons

29
Q

enlightenment effect

A

learning about psychological research can change real-world behaviour for the better

30
Q

Aggression

A

behaviour intended to harm others, either verbally or physically

31
Q

situational influences

A
  1. interpersonal provocation
  2. frustration
  3. media influences
  4. Aggressive cues
  5. arousal level
  6. alcohol and other drugs
  7. temperature
32
Q

relational aggression

A

a form of indirect aggression marked by spreading rumours, gossiping, social exclusion, and nonverbal put downs for the purpose of social manipulation

33
Q

culture of honour

A

a social norm of defending one’s reputation in the face of perceived insults

34
Q

attitude

A

belief that includes and emotional component

35
Q

origins of attitudes

A
  1. recognition
  2. attitudes and personality
  3. religion
36
Q

recognition (recognition heuristic)

A

makes us more likely to believe something we have heard many times

37
Q

attitude and personality

A

personality traits are the “psychological glue” that binds together conservatives’ political attitudes toward the death penalty

38
Q

religion (religiosity)

A

the depth of our religious conviction is linked to certain personality traits

39
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs

40
Q

self perception theory

A

we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviours

41
Q

impression management theory

A

we do not really change our attitudes in cognitive dissonance studies, but report that we have, so they our behaviours appear consistent with our attitudes

42
Q

dual process theory

A

there are two path ways to persuading others

  1. central route
  2. peripheral route
43
Q

central route

A

focuses on informational content

44
Q

peripheral route

A

focuses on more surface aspects of the argument

45
Q

foot in the door technique

A

we start with a small request and move to a larger one

46
Q

door in the face technique

A

starts off big then backs off

47
Q

lowball technique

A

starts with a low price, then “adds on” all the desirable options

48
Q

but you are free technique

A

we convince someone to perform a favour for us by telling them that they are free not to do it

49
Q

implicit egotism effect

A

we are more positively disposed toward people, places or things that resemble us across many domains

50
Q

prejudice

A

drawing negative conclusions about a person or situation prior to evaluating the evidence

51
Q

stereotypes

A

a belief, positive or negative, about the characteristic of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group

52
Q

ultimate attribution error

A

assumption that behaviours among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions

53
Q

adaptive conservatism “better save then sorry”

A

evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different

54
Q

in group bias

A

tendency to favour individuals within our group over those from outside our group

55
Q

outgroup bias homogeneity

A

tendency to view all people outside of our group as highly similar

56
Q

discrimination

A

negative behaviour toward members of out group

57
Q

minimal intergroup paradigm

A

a laboratory method for creating groups based on arbitrary difference

58
Q

scapegoat hypothesis

A

claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes

59
Q

just world hypothesis

A

claim that our attributions and behaviours are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happens for a reason

60
Q

conformity

A

going along with others’ opinions

61
Q

explicit prejudice

A

unfounded negative belief of which we are aware regarding the characteristics of an out group

62
Q

implicit prejudice

A

unfounded negative belief of which we are unaware regarding the characteristics of an out group

63
Q

jigsaw classroom

A

educational approach designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project

Psychology (8 decks)

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