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Psychology > Chapter 14- Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 14- Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

personality

A

people’s typical ways of thinking, feeling and behaving

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2
Q

traits

A

relatively enduring predisposition that influences our behaviour across many situations

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3
Q

Three Broad influences on personality

A
  1. genetic factors
  2. shared environmental factors
  3. Non environmental factors
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4
Q
  1. genetic factors
A

it does not matter how and by whom we are raised, our personalities have been linked to our biological parents genetic makeup

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5
Q
  1. shared environmental factors
A

-experiences that make individuals within the same family more alike.

-if parents try to make both of their children more outgoing by reinforcing them with attention and succeed in doing so, their parenting in this case is shared environmental factors

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6
Q

Non shared environmental factors

A

-experiences that make individuals within the same family less alike.

-If a parent treats one child more affectionately than another, and as a consequence this child ends up with a higher self esteem than the other child, the parenting in this case is no shared environmental factor

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7
Q

nomothetic approach

A

scientific approach that seeks out general principles in nature, rather than principles specific to an individual

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8
Q

Idiographic approach

A

scientific approach that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experience within a person

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9
Q

molecular genetic study

A

investigation that allows researchers to pin point genes associated with specific personality traits

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10
Q

novelty seeking

A

a trait that refers to the tendency to search out and enjoy new experiences

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11
Q

psychic determinism

A

the assumption that all psychological events have a cause

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12
Q

Id

A

reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression

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13
Q

pleasure principle

A

tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification

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14
Q

superego

A

our sense of morality

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15
Q

ego

A

psyche’s executive and principle decision maker

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16
Q

reality principle

A

tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet

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17
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious manoeuvres intended to minimize anxiety

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18
Q

repression

A

motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses

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19
Q

denial

A

motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences

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20
Q

reaction formation

A

transformation of an anxiety provoking emotion into its opposite

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21
Q

projection

A

unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others

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22
Q

displacement

A

directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target

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23
Q

rationalization

A

providing a reasonable sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviours or for failures

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24
Q

sublimation

A

transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal

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25
Q

erogenous zone

A

sexually arousing zone of the body

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26
Q

oral stage

A

psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth

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27
Q

anal stage

A

psychosexual stage that focussed on toilet training

28
Q

phallic stage

A

psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals

29
Q

oedipus complex

A

conflict during phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals

30
Q

latency stage

A

psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious

31
Q

genital stage

A

psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others

32
Q

neo-freudian theories

A

theories derived from freud’s model, but that placed less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and were more optimistic regarding the prospects for long term personality growth

33
Q

style of life

A

according to Adler, each persons distinctive way of achieving superiority

34
Q

inferiority complex

A

feelings of low self esteem that can lead to overcompensation for such feelings

35
Q

collective unconscious

A

according to Jung, our shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations

36
Q

archetypes

A

cross culturally universal symbols

37
Q

social learning theorists

A

theorists who emphasize thinking as a cause of personality

38
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

tendency for people to mutually influence each others behaviours

39
Q

radical behaviourists are determinists

A

they believe that all of our actions are products of pre existing genetic and environmental casual influences

40
Q

self actualization

A

drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent

41
Q

our personality consists of three components

A
  1. organism
  2. self
  3. conditions of worth
42
Q
  1. organism
A

the organism is our innate and substantially genetically influence blueprint.

43
Q
  1. self
A

the self is pit self concept, the set of beliefs about who we are

44
Q
  1. conditions of worth
A

expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behaviour

45
Q

peak experiences

A

transcendent moment of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world

46
Q

factor analysis

A

analyses the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures

47
Q

big five repeatedly

A

five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures

48
Q

lexical approach

A

approach proposing that the most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language

49
Q

these five dimensions are

A
  1. openness to experiences
  2. conscientiousness
  3. extroversion
  4. agreeableness
  5. neuroticism
50
Q
  1. openness to experiences
A

sometime just called “openness”, open people tend to be intellectually curious and unconventional

51
Q
  1. conscientiousness
A

conscientious people tend to be carful and responsible

52
Q

extroversion

A

extroverted people tend to be social and lively

53
Q

agreeableness

A

agreeable people tend to be sociable and easy to get along with

54
Q

neuroticism

A

neurotic people tend to be tense and moody

55
Q

structured personality tests

A

paper and pencil question consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways

56
Q

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

A

widely used structured personality test designed to asses symptoms of mental disorders

57
Q

empirical method of test construction

A

approach to building tests in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups and examine which items best distinguish them

58
Q

face validity

A

extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring

59
Q

rational/theoretic method of test construction

A

approach to building tests that requires tests developers to begin with a clear- cut conceptualization of a trait and then write item to asses that conceptualization

60
Q

projective test

A

test consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of

61
Q

projective hypothesis

A

hypothesis that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli, examinees project aspects of their personality onto the stimuli

62
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

projective test consisting of ten symmetrical inkblots

63
Q

Thematic Apperception test

A

projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures

64
Q

graphology

A

psychological interpretation of handwriting

65
Q

P.T Barnum effect

A

tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions as accurate

Psychology (8 decks)

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