Chapter 15: Immune response and defence against disease Flashcards
What is antigen?
A substance which triggers and immune response
What are patter recognition receptors?
A cell receptor which recognises molecules associated with pathogens
What are pathogen associated molecular patterns?
A boarder molecule pattern associated with a pathogen
What is an innate immune response?
a non-specific response to pathogens that hasn’t been learnt
What is adaptive immune response?
A learnt response to a pathogen the body has faced before
What are the defence strategies in plants?
Physical barriers and chemical defence strategies
What are physical barrier in plants?
Thick outer bark, roots containing high amounts of waxy, water resistant materials
What are the chemical barriers in plants?
Some release toxins
What acts as the first line of defence against pathogens in human?
Skin
How is skin a physical barrier?
Skin is made up of epithelial cells which protects it from pathogens
What happens if the skin is broken?
Platelets are attracted to the site to clot the blood, they create a web like structure made of fibrin protein and forms a scab
How is skin a chemical barrier?
Glands in the skin produce oils and sweat which protect it from chemicals
How are we protected in openings?
The openings are lined with mucous membranes which produce mucous which traps pathogens
How does cilia help with pathogens?
Cilia pushes the mucous up the tract so it can be coughed or sneezed out
Can you pass micro-organisms out through urine?
Yes
What are macrophages?
Large white blood cells
What is cytokines?
A small signalling molecule which coordinates inflammation and other immune response
What is a mast cell?
A cell located in the tissue and released histamine and prostaglandins
What is histamine?
A chemical that increases blood flow
What is prostaglandin?
A group of lipids that cause vasodilatation, fever and pain
What is vasodilatation?
The widening of arterioles
What is the complement system?
A number of proteins that promote chemotaxis, cell lysis and phagocytosis.
What is chemotaxis?
The movement of cell along the chemical gradient either away or toward the chemical stimulus
What is phagocytosis?
The eating of invaders by phagocytes
What is opsonisation?
A process wen a pathogen is covered in antibodies for ingestion and destruction
What lymphocyte?
A type o leukocyte involves in adaptive immune repsonse
What do b lymphocytes do?
Produce antibodies
What do antibodies do?
They are shaped like a Y and bind cells to specific antigens
What are the 2 types of B cells?
Plasma cells and memory cells
What is the function of plasma cells?
They are highly specialised for producing antibodies
What is the function of memory cells?
They store the information to produce antibodies
How can antibodies destroy pathogens once attached?
Attracted phagocytes, act as toxins and link together to stop the movement
What is cytotoxic T lymphocytes?
destroys virally infected or cancerous celled by secreting proteins (cytotoxins), originate in bone marrow
What is immunodeficiency?
The suppression of the immune system, not able to fight off pathogens
What is active immunity?
The immunity formed when the immune system is stimulated by memory cells
What is passive immunity?
Immunity transferred from one person to another, no memory cells
What are the two types of passive immunity?
Placenta and antibody serum injection
