Chapter 14 notecards Flashcards by Desiree Namou

aspects of human health, including the quality of life, determined by physical, biological, chemical and psychosocial factors in the environment

environmental health

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

federal agency responsible for setting, maintaining, and enforcing environmental standards
regulates air, water, and soil quality, wastes, pollution

US Environmental Protection Agency

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the number of people the earth can support

carrying capacity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

chemical substances

water, BPA, DDT, lead etc

chemical hazards

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

biological agent; plant or animal

influenza, polio, poison ivy

biological hazard

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

energy transfer into or within the human body

radiation, noise vibration

physical hazards

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

set of conditions that creates adverse health outcomes

psychosocial hazards

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

first description of an occupational cancer (1775)

-chimney sweep & scrotal cancer

Percivall Pott

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

by Rachel Carson, published in 1962

US Environemntal Protection Agency formed in _____

Silent Spring

1970

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

exposure disease model

source
environmental fate
human exposure
health outcome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

point or area of origin for an environmental agent

source

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

any single identifiable source of pollution

ex. pipe, ship, smokestack

point source

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

diffuse pollution sources; no single point of origin

ex. residential fertilizer, dams, saltwater intrusion, pavement runoff, cars

area (or non point source) source

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a stationary location or fixed facility from which pollutants are discharged
ex. refinery waste water treatment plant

stationary source

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

pollution from sources that move from location to another

motor vehicles, boats

mobile source

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

originates or produced by humans/human activity

anthropogenic source

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

originates or produced naturally or by living organisms

non-anthropogenic (nautral or biogenic sources)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how a hazard gets into your body once it reaches you

exposure route

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

steps to manage and reduce exposures at community, work place, or individual level

exposure controls

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

hierarchy of controls

elimination
substitution
engineering controls
administrative controls
PPE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

climate change is _________

extremely liekly to be the dominant cause of observed warming since the mid 20th century

anthropogenic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

gases in the atmosphere that bsorb and emit thermal radiation
CO2 ____
methane ___
nitrous oxides __

greenhouse gases
57%
14%
8%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

atmospheric conditions over short period of time

weather

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how the atmosphere behaves over relatively long periods of time in a particular region

climate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

refers to changes in long term averages of daily weather

climate change

can spread zika, chkungunya, dengue

aedes aegypti

naturally occuring phenomenon or events

natural disasters

volcanic eruptions, earthquakes

geological activity

tornadoes, hurricanees, floods, droughts

climate and weather driven events

under the US department of homeland security helps communtiies to prepare for natural disasters and aids in response and recovery efforts of natural and terrorist incidents

federal emergency management agency | FEMA

________: primary prevention _______: secondary prevention

mitigation | adaptation

developed countries to reduce emissions of 6 GHG's to 5% below 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012 by 2007, ratified by all UNFCC parties except ____, then ______ withdrew in 2012; ____, ____, ___ did not set new binding targets reductions largely not achieved

Kyoto Protocol US Canada Russia, Japan, and New Zealand

defined as the contamination of air by substances that interferes with the comfort, safety, and health of living organisms

air pollution

indicates pollution in the air and associated health risks | scores range from 0 (good) to 500 (hazardous)

air quality index AQI

the gradual increase in the earth's surface temperature | caused by increase in ______

global warming | GHGs

GHGs | prevent heat from escaping into space, like the glass panels of a greenhouse

carbon dioxide CFCs methane nitrous oxide

_____ filters out 99% of the sun's harmful UV rays

ozone layer

responsible for 1.5 million deaths worldwide each year ___% of the world population had no access to clean drinking water more than ___% of the US population has access to drinking water

waterborne disease 11 90

the water in streams, rivers, lakes, that does not inflitrate the ground or return to the atmosphere through evaportation

surface water

water that does inflitrate into the soil and resides below the surface - in aquifer and beyond roots of vegitation

groundwater

defined as any physical or chemical change in the water that can harm living organisms or make it unfit for other uses

water pollution

a single identifiable source that discharges pollutatnts into the water

point source pollution

all pollution that occurs through the runoff, seepage, or falling of pollutatnts into the water

nonpoint source pollution

these occur when water contaminated with a disease agent is consumed by susceptible persons

water borne diseases

an event in which at least 2 persons experience a similar illness after ingesting or exposure in water

waterborne disease outbreak

``` spread by swallowing, breathing, or having contact with contaminated water sources include swimming pools, water parks, water fountains, hot tubs, lakes, rivers, and oceans most common symptom is diarrhea _____ helos but ___ - less than one minute ___ - about 16 minutes ___ - about 45 mins ____ 15, 300 mins ```

``` recreational water illness e. coli hepatitis A giardia cryptosporidium ```

``` water treatment _____ and ____ ______ _____ _____ ```

coagulation and flocculation sedimentation filtration disinfection

living organisms or their products that increase the risk of disease or death in humans

biological hazards

250 diseases; ___ million cases annually | these occur when food contaminated with a disease agent is consumed susceptible person

foodborne illness | 75 milly

the occurence of 2 or more cases of a similar illness resulting from ingestion of food

foodborne disease outbreak

``` causes of foodborne disease ________ (poultry) ______ (eggs, poultry, meat, produce) ________: ground beef, greens, raw milk _____ (sandwiches, salads) _______: deli meat, unpasteurized cheese, produce ```

``` campylobacter salmonella E Coli O157 Norovirus listeria ```

defined as any living organism (ex. plant, animal, microbe) that occurs where not wanted and has an adverse effect on human interests

pest

natural or synthetic chemicals developed for the purpose preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating pests

pesticides

25,000 pesticide products contain more than ____ chemicals used in the US alone

600

most widely used pesticides are:

herbicides, insecticdes, fungicides

occur most frequently with children and the workers who apply pesticides occurs when pesticides are consumed orally, inhaled, or when they come in contact withthe skin

pesticide poisonings

``` consumer label info: ______: highly poisonous and use should be restricted to certified applicator _______: poisionous or corrosive _________: moderately hazardous _______: least hazardous ```

danger-poison danger warning caution

class A carincogen responsible for 3,000 lung cancer deaths per year in US non-smokers

tobacco smoke

released from the burning end

sidestream smoke

inhaled by the smoker

mainstream smoke

ventilation technology _____ totally fix this

cannot

_______ children aged 1-5 have high blood lead levels _____ housing units have deteriorated lead paint and lead dust lead in ______ is a significant health hazard

310,000 24 million water pipes

solid refuse from households, agriculture, business

solid waste

the US has just __% of the worlds population yet produces ___+% of the worlds muncipal solid waste we produce an average of about ___ muncipal solid waste a day

4% 30 4.5

the collection, transportation, storage, and disposal by incineration or landfill

solid waste management

resource conservation and recovery act of 1976 eliminated open dumps and replaced with ________ waste disposal sites on land suited for this purpose waste is spread in layers, compact, covered w clay or foam

land fills

defined as the burning of wastes second leading method of refuse disposal ___ half of muncioal combustors are energy _________ reduces solid waste weight by _____ and volume by ____

``` combustion/incineration 15% energy recovery plants 75% 90% ```

waste with properties that make it dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment

hazardous wastes

there are ___ hazardous waste lists important one isssss _____: discarded commercial chemical products including pesticides and pharmaceuticals known as toxic wastes

4 | u list

``` characteristics of hazardous wastes _______ - can corrode metal containers ______ - can create fires __________:unstable in normal conditions ________: harmful if ingested or absorbed ```

corrosivity ignitability reactivity toxicity

any process that changes the physical, chemical or biological character of a waste to make it less of a threat ________ is most common

treatment | combustion/incineration

storage or the holding of waste for a temporary period of time prior to it being treated, disposed, or stored somewhere

hazardous waste storage

the placement of waste into or on the land designed to permanently contain the waste and prevent release of pollutants

disposal

defined as those geophysical and meteorological events that greatly exceed normal human expectations in terms of magnititude or frequency

natural disasters

defined as the inundation of a normally dry area resulting from a variety of natural and human induced processes costs about ____ in annual losses and causes about ____ deaths each eyar only natural hazard for which the fed government provides insurance

flood

a sudden slip on fault caused by stress buildup in the crust _____ is the most prone to these _____ and ______ have fewest

earthquakes alaska florida, north dakota

defined as a violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground forecasting was banned to avoid panic

tornadoes

a type of tropical cyclone with a counterclockwise rotation classified in ___ categories based on wind speed, central pressure and damange potential named by the national hurrican center

hurricanes

unplanned events - escaped prescribed burns, human-induced fire, and natural causes 9 out of 10 are caused by ________ ___ that escape detection cause ___ of damage

wildfires people 3% 95%

living around others can creat a number of _________ hazards that affect human health

sociological hazards

worlds 7 billionth person was born on _______ | ____ rate will decline but ____ will continue to grow; record will reach 9.4 billion by 2050

october 20th, 2011 | growth rate, population rate