Chapter 14: Metabolic Rate and Temperature Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

_________ - is total energy expenditure of the body, per unit time.

A

metabolic rate

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2
Q

_____________ - is used as an accepted and standard way of measuring an individual’s metabolic rate.

A

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

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3
Q

__________ - metabolic rate measured under standard conditions, with the body in a quiet, resting, and fasting condition.

A

basal state

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4
Q

_________ - provides a baseline measurement of a person’s metabolic rate.

A

Basal Metabolic Rate

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5
Q

What are the Three factors affect BMR?

A
  1. Physical size
  2. Age
  3. Gender
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6
Q

What are the Three main factors that affect BMR?

A

i. Activity level of the nervous system
ii. Blood levels of several hormones
iii. Body temperature

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7
Q

___________ - Factors that increase heat production by the tissues (in the body).

A

“Calorigenic Effects”

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8
Q

______________ - means heat production due to ingestion of food which increases the metabolic rate for 1-3 hours after eating.

A

Food-induced thermogenesis

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9
Q

____________ - is the factor that increases metabolic rate the most.

A

Exercise (or muscle activity)

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10
Q

______________ - is an organism that can maintain body temperature at a relatively constant level.

A

Warm-blooded homeotherm

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11
Q

____________ - organism sets its body temperature based on the ambient temperature.

A

Cold-blooded

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12
Q

____________ - is usually a few degrees lower than the core ____________ .

A

Skin temperature

body temperature

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13
Q

Internal temperature drops slightly during ______ and a bit higher during _______ hours.

A

sleep

waking

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14
Q

What are the two factors that regulate the total heat content of the body?

A
  1. Total heat production by body
  2. Total heat loss from body
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15
Q

What are the mechanisms of the body to produce heat?

A
  1. Shivering Thermogenesis
  2. Non-shivering Thermogenesis
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16
Q

______________ - General skeletal muscle contraction, in response to the body becoming too cold. Production of heat increases several folds within seconds, due to increased muscle contraction.

A

Shivering Thermogenesis

17
Q

______________ - Due to increased secretion of epinephrine and thyroid. Most common and effective in infants compared with adults.

A

Non-shivering Thermogenesis

18
Q

What are the 4 main mechanisms to lose heat?

A
  1. Radiation
  2. Conduction
  3. Convection
  4. Evaporation
19
Q

_________ - Heat transfer in the form of electromagnetic waves. Rate of heat loss by radiation increases, as the temperature difference between the two environments increase.

A

Radiation

20
Q

Exchange of heat by transfer of thermal energy, during collisions between adjacent molecules. Heat is exchanged between body and another medium (environment) when the two come in direct contact.

A

Conduction

21
Q

__________ - Means exchange of heat between body and another environment (air or fluid) as the air/fluid that is heated moves away and a new mass replaces it.

A

Convection

22
Q

___________ - Heat is the form of energy used to drive the evaporation process which takes place from the skin surface, as well as the surface of the respiratory tract.

A

Evaporation

23
Q

__________ - is an important thermoregulatory center.

A

hypothalamus

24
Q

___________ - detects changes in body temperature and sends the info to different brain centers via ascending pathways.

A

thermoreceptor

25
Q

What are the two types of thermoreceptors?

A
  1. Central
  2. Peripheral
26
Q

____________ - Located in the hypothalamus and visceral organs. Responsible for detecting changes in body core temperature.

A

Central Thermoreceptors

27
Q

_______________ - Located in the Skin, nasal and oral cavities. Report changes of temperature in the periphery.

A

Peripheral Thermoreceptors

28
Q

What are the two sub-types of peripheral thermoreceptors?

A

Cold and Warm receptors

29
Q

What are the responses of Hypothalamus that results to heat loss?

A
  • Vasodilation
  • Sweating
  • Decreased muscle tone
30
Q

What are the responses of Hypothalamus that results to heat production ?

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Increased BMR
  • Shivering
  • Decreased sweating (therefore, lower evaporative heat loss)
  • Increased secretion of thyroid hormone
31
Q

__________ - When body temperature increases (above physiological levels) abnormally.

A

Hyperthermia

32
Q

What are the causes of Hyperthermia?

A
  1. fever
  2. exercise
  3. unusual heat retention or inability to lose heat.
33
Q

___________ - is located in the hypothalamus and is affected during fever, infection and overactivity of immune cells.

A

set point

34
Q

____________ - Mainly due to loss of fluid, as a result of sweating too much or, in some cases, excessive
vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels.

A

Heat exhaustion

35
Q

__________ - Heat loss system is failing (or has failed), thus, body temperature rises to very high levels. This may result in collapse, unconsciousness (for a long period of time), seizures and even death.

A

Heat Stroke