Chapter 1: Chemical Composition of the Body

Question 1

_______ - are the smallest particles in matter.

Answer 1

atoms

Question 2

Many atoms get together to form _________ . Many molecules get together to form ________ . Thus, atoms are the smallest particles in matter.

Answer 2

molecules

matter

Question 3

What are the three components of atoms?

Answer 3

1. Neutrons
2. Protons
3. Electrons

Question 4

What are the two main parts of an atom?

Answer 4

1. Nucleus
2. Orbit(s)

Question 5

What is the part of atom that contains the neutrons and protons?

Answer 5

Nucleus

Question 6

What is the part of atom that contains electrons ?

Answer 6

Orbit(s)

Question 7

Component of atom that are in the nucleus and have a positive charge.

• are in the nucleus and have a positive charge
• Neutrons are also in the nucleus but with NO charge
• Electrons revolve around the nucleus and are located in orbit(s). They are electrically
negative

Answer 7

Protons

Question 8

Component of atom that are in the nucleus and have no charge.

Answer 8

Neutrons

Question 9

Component of atom that revolve around the nucleus and are located in orbit(s). They are electrically negative.

Answer 9

Electrons

Question 10

True or False:

An atom (normally) has a net charge of Zero since it contains the same number of electrons and protons. Different types of atoms represent different elements. They all have different ‘atomic numbers’. This is the number of protons (& neutrons) in the nucleus

Answer 10

True

Question 11

What are the four most common elements in the human body?

Answer 11

1. carbon
2. oxygen
3. nitrogen
4. hydrogen

Question 12

___________ - is a 3-dimensional structure that can assume a variety of shapes.

Answer 12

molecule

Question 13

______ - is formed when an atom loses or gains electrons.

Answer 13

Ion

Question 14

What is the Ion that has a net positive charge?

Answer 14

Cation

Question 15

What are examples of positive charge elements?

Answer 15

Potassium, Sodium, Calcium

(K+, Na+,Ca++ )

Question 16

What is the Ion that has a net negative charge?

Answer 16

Anion

Question 17

When one anion (negative charge) and a cation (positive charge) get together. This is called:

Answer 17

Ionic bond

Question 18

What type of ion is the following elements?

Cl-, OH-, SO4

Answer 18

Anion

( negative charge ion )

Question 19

The following are examples of Ionic Bond. Which is not included?

1. Na + Cl - = NaCl or Na-Cl
2. K+ + OH- = KOH or K-OH
3. OH- + SO4- = OHSO₄or SO₄OH
4. Ca++ + Cl- + Cl- = CaCl2 or Cl

Answer 19

Not included: 3

Both elements are anion

Question 20

When two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules, the processes are called:

Answer 20

synthesis reactions

Question 21

What type of chemical reactions is the example below?

Reactants A + B = AB ( product ).

Answer 21

Synthesis Reactions

Question 22

Type of chemical reactions wherein there is a split up of large molecules into smaller atoms, ions, or molecules.

Answer 22

Decomposition Reactions

Question 23

True or False

Given is an example of a ‘decomposition’ reaction.

NaCl = Na+ +Cl-

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Type of chemical reaction that consist of both synthesis and decomposition reactions.

Answer 24

Exchange Reactions

Question 25

What type of chemical reaction is the given example? CaCl2 + KOH = Ca(OH)2 + KCl

Answer 25

Exchange Reactions

Question 26

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - is the most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living systems.

Answer 26

Water

Question 27

In a solution, a substance called the ________ dissolves another substance called the _______ .

Answer 27

solvent solute

Question 28

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - which means they dissolve easily in water. Solutes that are charged or contain polar covalent bonds.

Answer 28

hydrophilic | (hydro= water; philic =loving)

Question 29

What are hte common examples of hydrophilic solutes?

Answer 29

sugar and salt

Question 30

Molecules that contain mainly nonpolar covalent bonds. They are not very water soluble.

Answer 30

hydrophobic | (-phobic fearing)

Question 31

What are examples of hydrophobic compounds?

Answer 31

animal fats and vegetable oils

Question 32

What type of solutes describes by the statement below ? Lipid (fat)-loving, therefore, dissolve in fat and NOT dissolve in water

Answer 32

Lipophilic

Question 33

What type of solutes describes by the statement below ? Lipid - hating, therefore, dissolve in water (?) but NOT in fat (lipid)

Answer 33

Lipophobic

Question 34

Groups of solutes that are both water-loving and lipid-loving.

Answer 34

Amphipathic

Question 35

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - is a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H) and one or more anions.

Answer 35

acid

Question 36

An acid is also referred to as:

Answer 36

proton donor

Question 37

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - removes H from a solution and is therefore a proton acceptor. Many of it dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions (OH) and one or more cations.

Answer 37

base

Question 38

A standard scale that is used to measure acidity. It determines concentration of free H+ in a solution. Ranges from 0.1 to 14 with 7 being neutral.

Answer 38

pH

Question 39

It is important to keep pH of the body fluids at approximately neutral. Substances that minimize pH changes in the blood.

Answer 39

Buffers

Question 40

A pH ______ indicates an acidic solution.

Answer 40

below 7

Question 41

A pH ______ indicates a basic (alkaline) solution.

Answer 41

above 7

Question 42

A condition when pH of blood falls below 7.35.

Answer 42

acidosis

Question 43

A condition when pH rises above 7.45.

Answer 43

alkalosis