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Physiology 5 > Chapter 1: Chemical Composition of the Body > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Chemical Composition of the Body Flashcards

1
Q

_______ - are the smallest particles in matter.

A

atoms

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2
Q

Many atoms get together to form _________ . Many molecules get together to form ________ . Thus, atoms are the smallest particles in matter.

A

molecules

matter

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3
Q

What are the three components of atoms?

A
  1. Neutrons
  2. Protons
  3. Electrons
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4
Q

What are the two main parts of an atom?

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Orbit(s)
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5
Q

What is the part of atom that contains the neutrons and protons?

A

Nucleus

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6
Q

What is the part of atom that contains electrons ?

A

Orbit(s)

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7
Q

Component of atom that are in the nucleus and have a positive charge.

• are in the nucleus and have a positive charge
• Neutrons are also in the nucleus but with NO charge
• Electrons revolve around the nucleus and are located in orbit(s). They are electrically
negative

A

Protons

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8
Q

Component of atom that are in the nucleus and have no charge.

A

Neutrons

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9
Q

Component of atom that revolve around the nucleus and are located in orbit(s). They are electrically negative.

A

Electrons

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10
Q

True or False:

An atom (normally) has a net charge of Zero since it contains the same number of electrons and protons. Different types of atoms represent different elements. They all have different ‘atomic numbers’. This is the number of protons (& neutrons) in the nucleus

A

True

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11
Q

What are the four most common elements in the human body?

A
  1. carbon
  2. oxygen
  3. nitrogen
  4. hydrogen
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12
Q

___________ - is a 3-dimensional structure that can assume a variety of shapes.

A

molecule

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13
Q

______ - is formed when an atom loses or gains electrons.

A

Ion

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14
Q

What is the Ion that has a net positive charge?

A

Cation

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15
Q

What are examples of positive charge elements?

A

Potassium, Sodium, Calcium

(K+, Na+,Ca++ )

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16
Q

What is the Ion that has a net negative charge?

A

Anion

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17
Q

When one anion (negative charge) and a cation (positive charge) get together. This is called:

A

Ionic bond

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18
Q

What type of ion is the following elements?

Cl-, OH-, SO4

A

Anion

( negative charge ion )

19
Q

The following are examples of Ionic Bond. Which is not included?

  1. Na + Cl - = NaCl or Na-Cl
  2. K+ + OH- = KOH or K-OH
  3. OH- + SO4- = OHSO4or SO4OH
  4. Ca++ + Cl- + Cl- = CaCl2 or Cl
A

Not included: 3

Both elements are anion

20
Q

When two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules, the processes are called:

A

synthesis reactions

21
Q

What type of chemical reactions is the example below?

Reactants A + B = AB ( product ).

A

Synthesis Reactions

22
Q

Type of chemical reactions wherein there is a split up of large molecules into smaller atoms, ions, or molecules.

A

Decomposition Reactions

23
Q

True or False

Given is an example of a ‘decomposition’ reaction.

NaCl = Na+ +Cl-

A

True

24
Q

Type of chemical reaction that consist of both synthesis and decomposition reactions.

A

Exchange Reactions

25
Q

What type of chemical reaction is the given example?

CaCl2 + KOH = Ca(OH)2 + KCl

A

Exchange Reactions

26
Q

_________ - is the most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living systems.

A

Water

27
Q

In a solution, a substance called the ________ dissolves
another substance called the _______ .

A

solvent

solute

28
Q

________ - which means they dissolve easily in water. Solutes that are charged or contain polar covalent bonds.

A

hydrophilic

(hydro= water; philic =loving)

29
Q

What are hte common examples of hydrophilic solutes?

A

sugar and salt

30
Q

Molecules that contain mainly nonpolar covalent bonds. They are not very water soluble.

A

hydrophobic

(-phobic fearing)

31
Q

What are examples of hydrophobic compounds?

A

animal fats and vegetable oils

32
Q

What type of solutes describes by the statement below ?

Lipid (fat)-loving, therefore, dissolve in fat and NOT dissolve in water

A

Lipophilic

33
Q

What type of solutes describes by the statement below ?

Lipid - hating, therefore, dissolve in water (?) but NOT in fat (lipid)

A

Lipophobic

34
Q

Groups of solutes that are both water-loving and lipid-loving.

A

Amphipathic

35
Q

_______ - is a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H) and one or more anions.

A

acid

36
Q

An acid is also referred to as:

A

proton donor

37
Q

_______ - removes H from a solution and is therefore a proton acceptor. Many of it dissociate into one or
more hydroxide ions (OH) and one or more cations.

A

base

38
Q

A standard scale that is used to measure acidity. It determines concentration of free H+ in a solution. Ranges from 0.1 to 14 with 7 being neutral.

A

pH

39
Q

It is important to keep pH of the body fluids at approximately neutral. Substances that minimize pH changes in the blood.

A

Buffers

40
Q

A pH ______ indicates an acidic solution.

A

below 7

41
Q

A pH ______ indicates a basic (alkaline) solution.

A

above 7

42
Q

A condition when pH of blood falls below 7.35.

A

acidosis

43
Q

A condition when pH rises above 7.45.

A

alkalosis

Physiology 5 (14 decks)

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