Chapter 14: Blood, zinc and nutritional anemia

Question 1

function of zinc

Answer 1

1) coenzyme for hemoglobin production
2) maintain protein structures: important in the developmetn and function of immune system
3) regulate gene expression
(involved in over 100 enzymes, there aren’t large stores so there has to be a constant dietary suppy

Question 2

zinc roles

Answer 2

cofactor in many enzymes,
-helps proteins, metalloenzymes,
-protects cell membranes from damage
-immune function
blood clotting
-wound healing
-sperm production and others

Question 3

iron deficiency status

Answer 3

-15% of breastfed infants at 9 months
-25% of menstruating women
-50% of pregnant women

Question 4

types of anemia

Answer 4

Hgb level below the normal reference range, microcytic, macrocytic, hypochromic

Question 5

Microcytic

Answer 5

small rbc, mean corpuscular volume <80 fL, iron deficiency

Question 6

Macrocytic

Answer 6

large rbc MCV> 100fL
B12 or folate deficiency

Question 7

hypochromic

Answer 7

low hemoglobin, lacking colour

Question 8

first sage of iron depletion

Answer 8

serum ferritin is decreased but other values remain within normal limits

Question 9

second stage of iron depletion

Answer 9

early functional iron deficiency without anemia, serum transferrin is dec, erythrocyte protoporphyrin and soluble transferrin receptor are increased, hemoglobin likely to be at the low end of the normal range

Question 10

third stage of iron depletion

Answer 10

iron deficiency anemia, hemoglobin, serum saturation and MCV are decreased and free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, total iron binding capacity and soluble transferrin receptor are increased

Question 11

Serum ferritin

Answer 11

storage form of iron in liver, spleen bone marrow (apoferritin + iron = ferritin) most sensitive for fe def, also affected by inflammation, liver disease

Question 12

transferrin

Answer 12

transport iron in blood to. bone marrow
increases as serum iron decreases

Question 13

serum iron

Answer 13

the amount of iron attached to transferrin

Question 14

total iron binding capacity

Answer 14

an indirect estimate of transferrin

Question 15

Transferrin saturation

Answer 15

% of transferrin that is saturated with iron

Question 16

Hemoglobin (Hgb)

Answer 16

index of blood’s oxygen carrying capacity, most widely used screening tool, not very accurate, 4 mo 1/2 life

Question 17

hematocrit (Hct)

Answer 17

% of RBC in total blood volume

Question 18

Mean corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH

Answer 18

amount of hgb in RBC

Question 19

Mean corpuscular volume

Answer 19

Volume of RBC

Question 20

zinc absorption and metabolism

Answer 20

zinc in food, mucosl cells in the intestine store excess zinc in metallothionein and then releases it to albumin and transferrin for transport to the rest of the body if it needs zinc, if it doesn’t it’s just excreted

Question 21

zinc and the pancreas `

Answer 21

the pancras uses zinc to make digestive enzymes and secretes them into the intestine

Question 22

zinc recommended intake

Answer 22

rda is 8 mg/day for women anf 11 mg/day for men

Question 23

sources of zinc

Answer 23

red meats, some seafood, whole grains and cereals

Question 24

zinc deficiency

Answer 24

vegetarians, alcoholics, causes growth retardation, diarrhea, delayed sexual maturation, infections

Question 25

too much zinc

Answer 25

toxicity from supplements intestinal pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting, depressed immune function, interference with copper and iron absorption