Chapter 14: Blood Iron

Question 1

Blood

Answer 1

the only fluid tissue in the body

Question 2

blood function

Answer 2

-transport of oxygen and nutrient to cells
- removal of waste products from tissue

Question 3

Blood pump

Answer 3

by the time the heart pumps blood it takes about 1 minute for it to reach the whole body

Question 4

4 components of blood

Answer 4

erythrocytes
leukocyte
platelets
plasma

Question 5

erythrocytes

Answer 5

red blood cells for transporting oxygen through the body (last 3-4 months before broken down by liver/spleen and the iron is recycled

Question 6

leukocytes

Answer 6

white blood cells of the immune system

Question 7

platelets

Answer 7

cell fragments that assist in blood clotting (not considered a true cell, cytoplasmic fragments made in the bone marrow)

Question 8

plasmA

Answer 8

the fluid portion of the blood for maintaining adequate blood volume

Question 9

if you centrifuge blood in a vial the components are

Answer 9

55% plasma on the top
less than 1%leukocytes (platelets and white blood cells) under it
45% erythrocytes (red blood cells) on the bottom gamma globulin abiglia

Question 10

vitamin K

Answer 10

several precursors before earlier in the sries depend on vitamin K - turns into prothrombin (an inactive protein) - calcium and thromboplastin (phospholipid) from blood platelets - thrombin (an active enzyme) with fibrinogen (a soluble protein) to create fibrin, vitamin K deficiency wounds take longer to heal

Question 11

function of vitamin K

Answer 11

coenzyme that assists in the synthess of blood coagulating proteins

Question 12

what happens if you don’t consume enough vitamin K

Answer 12

blood fails clot, bleeding, hemorrhaging, fat malabsorption reduces vitamin K absorbed, newborns lack intestinal bacteria, given within 8 hours of being born

Question 13

iron two ionic states

Answer 13

ferrous iron (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe 3+)

Question 14

roles of iron

Answer 14

oxidation-reduction reactions,
-electron carriers in the etc
-part of hemoglobin (blood) and myoglobin (muscle)
-accepts, carries, and releases oxygen

Question 15

iron functions

Answer 15

a component of the protein hemoglobin which carries oxygen in erythrocytes
-a component of myoglobin which carries oxygen in muscle cells
-a coenzyme involved in energy metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Question 16

iron storage in the body

Answer 16

as ferritin or hemosiderin, in the liver, bone marrow, intestinal mucosa, and spleen

Question 17

two types of iron found in food

Answer 17

heme and non heme

Question 18

Heme iron

Answer 18

found in animal based foods and more absorbable, accounts for about 10% of the average daily iron intake but it is well absorbed (about 25%), doesnt require a transporter

Question 19

Non heme iron

Answer 19

not easily absorbed (plant) accounts for the remaining 90% but it is less well absorbed (17%)

Question 20

iron absorption

Answer 20

Mucosal cells in the intestin store excess in mucosal ferritin, if the body needs iron the mucosal ferritin releases iron to mucosal transferrin which hands off iron to another transferrin that travells through the blood to the rest of the body.. if the body does not need iron it’s not absorbed and is excreted in shed intestinal cells instead, iron absorption is reduced when the body does not need iron

Question 21

too much iron in the body

Answer 21

higher risk of cancer, iron is harder to remove once in the body

Question 22

factors that promote iron absorption

Answer 22

meat factor( Polypeptides releasing the heme, cystine specifically), stomach acid and vitamin C due to the antioxidant effect

Question 23

Factors that impair iron absorption

Answer 23

Phylates
polyphenols
vegtable proteins
fibre (makes it harder for iron to get to inner layer of itestine
calcium
tannons (coffee, tee

Question 24

how is iron transported through the body

Answer 24

transferrin is the primary iron transport protein in the blood
receptors son cell surface enable iron transport into the cellq

Question 25

what factors regulate total body iron

Answer 25

iron absorbed, iron loss, storage and recycling of body iron (wound, all the iron in the boody goes tere for repair, malabsorption due to disease

Question 26

iron recommended intake

Answer 26

rda varies based on age and gender 8mg/day for adult men 27 mg/day for pregnant women (increase total blood volume , inc iron

Question 27

sources of iron

Answer 27

meat, poultry, fish, clams, oysters, enriched or fortified cereals and breads red meats, tofu

Question 28

contamination of iron

Answer 28

from iron cookware; inc acidity of food and cook time = increase iron

Question 29

iron supplementation

Answer 29

less well absorbed then food, best forms is ferrous sulphate or iron chelate, best absorbed between meals on an empty stomach with liquids, single dose and vitamin c has no effect

Question 30

iron cycle

Answer 30

transferrin carries rion in the blood, some goes to myoglobin of muscle cells, - bone marrow incorporates iron into hemoglobin of rbc and stores excess iron in ferritin - iron containing hemoglobin in rbc carries oxygen (some losses if bleeding occurs - liver and spleen dismantles rbc, packages iron into transferrin and stores excess iron in ferritin (some losses in sweat skin and urine - transferrin carries iron in blood

Question 31

iron deficiency

Answer 31

most common nutrient deficiency globally, major cause of childhoood morbidity/mortality, young womem, pregnant women, anyone with malnutrition, someone training are all at risk

Question 32

stage 1 Fe deficiency

Answer 32

Fe depletion: decreased iron stores, reduced ferritin level, no physical symptoms

Question 33

stage 2 Fe deficiency

Answer 33

iron deficiency erythropoiesis reduced capacity to work, reduced production of heme, increase transferrin

Question 34

stage 3 Fe deficiency

Answer 34

dec normal rbc production, heme, unable to make hemoglobin, symptoms include pale skin, fatigue, reduced work preformance, impaired immune and cognitive function

Question 35

iron deficiency anemia

Answer 35

without blood, any condition of low hemoglobin levels

Question 36

Normal rbc production

Answer 36

DNA synthesis and cell division begins - hemoglobin synthesis begins - hemoglobin synthesis intensifies, slowing DNA synthesis and cell division - nucleus migrates to cell wall - nucleus and cell organelles leave the cell - mature rbc are small, containing only cytoplasm packed with hemoglobin

Question 37

iron deficiency rbc production

Answer 37

without iron hemoglobin synthesis is impaired, rbc are relatively smaller (microcytic) and pale (hypo chromic)

Question 38

iron in excess

Answer 38

accidental iron overdonse most commom poisoning death in children, no risk from fortified foods

Question 39

toxicity symptoms of iron

Answer 39

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, confusion

Question 40

delayed treatment to iron toxicity

Answer 40

can lead to severe damage to the heart, CNS, liver and kidneys

Question 41

hemochromatosis

Answer 41

excessive absorption of dietary iron and altered iron storage (donate/ get rid of extra blood

Question 42

what factors affect iron digestion and absorption

Answer 42

how much fibre is in the gut, heme/non heme iron how much consumed how much is in stores stomach acid vit c with non heme cooking utensils calcium inhibitor(too much milk in kids)