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Foods II > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Free radical damage to polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

Causes Lipid radicals that cause cell damage, diseases and aging

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2
Q

Free radical damage to DNA and RNA

A

Causes altered DNA and RNA, which alters proteins (causing impaired cell function and inflammatory response) along with causing an absence of specific proteins and an excess of specific proteins all of which lead to cell damage, diseases and aging

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3
Q

Free radicals are generated by

A

Metabolism, environmental factors (Smoking, UV radiation)

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4
Q

Free radicals cause widespread damage that is linked to

A

Cognitive preformance, aging, and diseases (cancer, CVD, Diabetes)

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5
Q

____ Protect cells from oxidative damage

A

Vitamins quench free radicals,
Minerals act as cofactors for enzymes, Phytochemicals

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6
Q

Oxidation is part of normal metabolism

A

Unpaired electron = free radical
damages lipids, DNA, RNA, proteins

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7
Q

Vitamin A

A

First fat soluble vitamin to be recognized, carried with fat through myceles, travels through lymph and store in the liver

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7
Q

Antioxidants

A

Neutralize free radicals

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8
Q

Retinal

A

(Vit A) Aids vision, night vision specifically

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9
Q

Retinol

A

(Vit A) Aids protein synthesis and cell differentiation, and is a major transport and storage form of Vitamin A

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10
Q

Retonoic Acid

A

(Vit A) Aids with reproduction and growth

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11
Q

Relationship between Retinol, retinal, adn retinoic acid

A

Retinol (supports reproduction) can be changed to and from Retinal (vision) which can be turned into Retinoic acid (growth regulation)

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12
Q

Carotenoids

A

Precursor/provitamin A) (6)

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13
Q

Alpha carotene

A

Carrots

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14
Q

Beta crypto xanthene

A

oranges

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15
Q

Beta carotene

A

Carrots, orange veg

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16
Q

Leutein

A

Green leafy vegs

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17
Q

Lycopene

A

tomatoes

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18
Q

Zeaxanthine

A

paprika

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19
Q

Epithelial cells

A

Outside the body (skin), inside the body (mucous layers

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20
Q

Vitamin A maintains

A

healthy cells in the mucous membranes

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21
Q

Vitamin A protects

A

skin from sun damage and integrity of mucous membranes

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22
Q

Vitamin A promotes

A

differentiation of epithelial and goblet cells (secrete mucous, which protects cells)

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23
Q

Vitamin A is involved

A

in sperm development of fetus and bone development

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24
Vitamin A status dependent on
stores and protein status (protein retinal binding protein)
25
Vitamin A deficiency
can take 1-2 years and can be caused by Infectious disease, cause night blindness, Xerophthalmia (total blindness(drying and softening of cornea)) or Karatinization
26
Night blindness caused by
lack of rhodopsin, causes inability to recover from changes in light
27
Vitamin A toxicity
results from preformed vitamin A, not seen with beta carotene
28
Vitamin A toxicity concequences
Bone defects and birth defects
29
two forms of vitamin A
preformed and beta corotene
30
How vitamin A is recommendations are expressed
Retinal Activity Equivalents (RAE)
31
1 RAE
1 ug of Vitamin A or 12 ug of Beta carotene
32
1 IU retinol =
0.3 ug RAE
33
1 IU beta-carotene from food
0.05 ug RAE
34
Vitamin E
fat soluble antioxidant with different forms available, primary defender against free radicals
35
Vitamin E is present
in cell membranes and other lipids
36
Vitamin reduces risk of ______ by the ______ of __________
cardiovascular disease by the oxoidation of LDL
37
Vitamin E deficiency
primary deficiency is rare, fat malabsorption mainly
38
Vitamin E deficiency causes
red blood cells to break open due to oxidation of PUFAs in RBC membranes and erythrocyte hemolysis (premature infants)
39
Prolonged Vitamin E deficiency
neuromuscular dysfunction of spinal cord and retina
40
Vitamin E regulated by the
liver
41
Vitamin E toxicity
is rare, UL is 65x the recommended, but it may interfere with blood clotting (interferes with vitamin K)
42
Vitamin E is destroyed by
heat
43
Vitamin E recommendations and sources
RDA for adults is 15 mg/d based on alpha tocopherol, preimary source being vegetable oils
44
Vitamin C as an antioxidant
Loses electrons easily, gives electrons up to stop free-radical damage, regenerates oxidized vitamin E
45
Vitamin C enhances
iron absorption
46
vitamin C is a cofactor for
collagen (facilitates the binding of collagen fibres)
47
Vitamin C potentially prevents
the common cold
48
Vitamin C also known as
scorbic acid
49
Vitamin C deficiency
scurvy (1/5 of optimal levels) leads to bleeding gums, breaking capillaries. Inadequate collagen, wound healing, muscle degeneration, loose teeth, dry gross skin
50
Vitamin C toxicity
supplementation side effects, GI distress, diarrhea, adverse effects with iron overload (hemochromatosis
51
Antioxidnats role of Vitamin C
Neutralize free radicals so they can no longer damage DNA. Dehydroascorbic acid is regenerated to ascorbic acid when electrons and protons are provided by other antioxidants such as glutathione
52
Selenium (SE
part of glutathione peroxidase working in tandem with vitamin E
53
Selenium is found in
the soil and leaches into food, most canadians reach the RDA
54
Foods contents of selenium depends on
the content of the soil in which they are grown
55
Selenium deficiency symptoms and disease
muscular discomfort and weakness, can lead to keshan disease (affects the heart muscle
56
Selenium toxicity
hair and nail bitterness and loss
57
Selenium spared vitamin E
Glutathione peroxidase neutralized peroxides, vitamin E then neutralizes the free radicals, preventing cellular damage
58
Antioxidant nutrients in heart disease prevention
oxidation of LDL- atherosclerosis, most nutrients are protective against development but tratment is unclear, high selenium may be detremental
59
Defending against free radicals: two lines of defence
Antioxidant enzyme defence system and antioxidant nutrients, including ohytochemicals
60
two lines of defence lead to
limiting free radical formation, destroying free radicals, stimulating antioxidant enzyme activity, repairing oxidative damage, supporting a healthy immune system

Foods II (11 decks)

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