Chapter 13: Bone development and disintegration

Question 1

risk factors for osteoporosis (non modifiable)

Answer 1

-older
-female
-white, asian, or latinx heritage
-small frame
-maternal history of oesteoporosis fracture or personal fracture
-estrogen shortage (diet inadequate in calcium and vit D)

Question 2

Non modifiable protective factors

Answer 2

-younger age,
-male
-large frames

Question 3

modifiable risk factors

Answer 3

sedentary lifestyle
-diet inadequate of calcium and vit D
-diet excessive in protein, sodium, caffeine
-excessive alcohol consumption,
-cigarette smoking
-certain medications (glucocorticoids)

Question 4

Modifiable protective factors

Answer 4

-regular weight bearing activities
-diet rich in calcium and vit D
-moderate alcohol consumption
-no smoking
-use of estrogen therapy
- bone density assessment and treatment if necessary
-high BMI

Question 5

Gender and hormones on Bone health

Answer 5

-second strongest predictor of bone loss
early years of menopause
-women have lowe bone density
loss of estrogen in women (amenorrhea or low body weight
-drugs therapy
estrogen and testorone

Question 6

genetics

Answer 6

may be hereditary, family history is a risk factor (peak bone mass, rate of bone loss)

Question 7

ethnicity

Answer 7

dec in those of African descent
inc in some population groups

Question 8

Physical activity and body weight

Answer 8

weight bearing activities stress and stimulate bones, hormones promote muscle and bone growth, smoking increases risk,

Question 9

alcohol in bone health

Answer 9

decreased intake of nutrients, enhanced fluid excretion causing calcium losses
upsets bone health hormones

Question 10

dietary calcium

Answer 10

you have to consume enough when you’re young to prevent osteoporosis later in life, ensure bone growth happens during younger years, so that the degration isn’t as harmful later in life

Question 11

Other nutrients affecting bone health

Answer 11

protein,
vitamins K, D, A, C
-Magnesium and potassium
-omega-3 fatty acids
-Phytochemicals

Question 12

how we measure bone density

Answer 12

dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

Question 13

How to interpret DXA

Answer 13

T’score: results are compared with avg peak bone capacity of 30 year old healthy adult, normal +1 to -1, used to assess a persons risk for fracture and diagnose osteoperosis, recommendedfor post menopausal women