Chapter 11

Question 1

What percentage of an adults body weight comes from water

Answer 1

60%, varies by age

Question 2

What does fluid do in the body

Answer 2

-Carries nutrirents and waste products
-Maintains the structure of large molecules
-participates in metabolic reactions
-serves as a solvent
-acts as a lubricant and cushion
-aids in regulation of body temperature
-maintains blood volume

Question 3

Intracellular fluids

Answer 3

fluid inside the cell

Question 4

Interstitial fluid

Answer 4

Fluid surrounding the cell

Question 5

Extracellular fluid

Answer 5

Fluid outside the cell

Question 6

Intravascular fluid

Answer 6

Fluid within blood vessels (Plasma)

Question 7

Electrolyte balance

Answer 7

Electrolytes attracts water and carry it with them, cell membranes are selectively permeable and allow for passage of of some molecules

Question 8

Electrolytes predominantly outside cell

Answer 8

Sodium, chloride, and calcium

Question 9

Electrolytes predominantly inside cell

Answer 9

Potassium, magnesium, phosphate, and sulfate

Question 10

Antidiuretic Hormone

Answer 10

(ADH) signalled by the hypothalamus, released in response to thirst

Question 11

Renin

Answer 11

-Enzyme released by kidney cells when blood pressure is low, causes kidneys to reabsorb sodium, which is accompanied by water retention
- Hydrolyzes angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, inactive until converted to angiotensin II, which stimulates adrenal glands to release aldosterone, signalling kidneys to excrete potassium and retain sodium

Question 12

Diarrhea/Vomiting

Answer 12

Water moving out of the cell, where salt goes, water flows

Question 13

Reaction to low blood volume

Answer 13

Angiotensinogen and Renin (triggered by the hypothalamus) Turns inot angiotensin I - Angiotensin II (which constricts blood vessels) triggers ADH (retains water and thereby sodium, excretes potassium) and Aldosterone (retains sodium and excretes potassium thereby retains water) - Blood volume increases

Question 14

Fluid Volume

Answer 14

Two thirds inside the cell , one third outside to cell

Question 15

Dissociation of salt

Answer 15

Sodium- cation
Chloride: anion
conducts electricity, forms electrolyte solutions (positive and negative charges perfectly balanced

Question 16

Acid and Base Balance

Answer 16

Body uses ions to regulate acidity (Narrow pH range to avoid life-threatening consequences, deviations can denature protein.) High concentration of hydrogne ions is acidic , a low concentration of ions is basic

Question 17

Regulation of buffers

Answer 17

Buffers can neutralize acids or bases

Question 18

Buffers in the body’s fluids (respiration)

Answer 18

Bicarbonate
Carbonic acid

Question 19

Buffers in the body’s fluids (Excretion in kidneys)

Answer 19

Bicarbonate

Question 20

Formation of Carbonic acid

Answer 20

carbon dioxide dissolved in water, lowers body’s pH (H2CO3)

Question 21

Formation of bicarboniate ion

Answer 21

Carbonic acid dissociates to a hydrogen ion and a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) which raises the body’s pH

Question 22

Thirst and satiety

Answer 22

Mouth, hypothalamus, and nerves sense change, thirst response lags behind the body’s need for water (dehydration symptoms

Question 23

Water intoxication

Answer 23

causes confusion, convulsions, and death, caused by drinking 10-20 litres within a few hours

Question 24

Water balance health effects

Answer 24

physical and mental performance, proper functioning of kidneys, heart, GI tract, and other systems

Question 25

Womens recomended water intake

Answer 25

2.7L

Question 26

Males recommended water intake

Answer 26

3.7L

Question 27

Sodium roles in the body

Answer 27

principal cation of extracellular fluid, (primary regulator of volume), acid base balance, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction. Travels freely in the blood and filtered by the kidneys

Question 28

Processed food contains more

Answer 28

sodium then potassium

Question 29

Unprocessed food contains more

Answer 29

potassium then sodium

Question 30

Chloride roles in the body

Answer 30

Major anion of extracellular fluids

Question 31

Chloride moves

Answer 31

Passively across membranes

Question 32

Chloride associates with

Answer 32

Sodium and potassium

Question 33

Chloride helps maintain

Answer 33

FLuid and electrolyte balance

Question 34

Chloride is a part of

Answer 34

Hydrochloric acid and helps with digestion

Question 35

Chloride is abundant

Answer 35

in processed food

Question 36

Recommendations of chloride are

Answer 36

higher than, but still equivalent to those of sodium

Question 37

Deficiency and toxicity of chloride

Answer 37

Diets rarely lack chloride, there are some conditions that lead to deficiencies and toxicity can be due to water deficiency

Question 38

Potassium roles in the body

Answer 38

Principal intracellular cation

Question 39

Potassium helps maintain

Answer 39

fluid and electrolyte balance, and cell integrity

Question 40

Potassium aids in

Answer 40

nerve impulse and muscle contraction

Question 41

symptoms of a potassium deficiency

Answer 41

-Increase in blood pressure -Salt sensitivity -Kidney stones -bone turnover -Irregular Heartbeat -Muscle weakness Glucose intolerance

Question 42

There is more potassium in

Answer 42

fruits and vegetables

Question 43

A healthy diet is higher in _____ and lower in ______ leading to a ______ _____ ______

Answer 43

potassium, sodium, Lower Blood Pressure

Question 44

Hypertension

Answer 44

Most important risk factor for the developmetn of heart disease, stroke, worldwide

Question 45

Heart disease is linked to

Answer 45

Salt, link doesn't exist in people who's kidneys have a better ability to filter

Question 46

Known benefits of controlling high blood pressure

Answer 46

-20% reduction in risk of CV events -50% reduction in risk of heart failure -10% reduction in risk of premature death -Improved quality of life

Question 47

Hypertension is characterized by

Answer 47

High Blood pressure (Systolic pressure over 140 mm Hg and diastolic pressure over 90 mm Hg

Question 48

Hypertension increases a person's risk of

Answer 48

heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease

Question 49

Hypertension can cause

Answer 49

reduced brain function, Impaired physical mobilit, and death

Question 50

Recommendations of reducing hypertension

Answer 50

Maintaining healthy weight Increasing physical activity reducing alcohol intake reducing sodim intake Eatign more whole grains, fruits, veggies, and low fat dairy foods -Dash Diet

Question 51

DASH

Answer 51

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

Question 52

Neuromuscular Disorders

Answer 52

Electrolyte imbalances can alter nervous system and muscle function

Question 53

Seizures

Answer 53

Uncontrollable muscle spasms

Question 54

Muscle Cramps

Answer 54

Involuntary, spasmodic, and painful muscle contractions

Question 55

Hypernatremia

Answer 55

High sodium from dehydration

Question 56

Hyperkalemia

Answer 56

High Potassium from electrolyte imbalances

Question 57

Lab work on patients

Answer 57

FLuids and electrolyte balances are always considered ( jello, ice cream) Weigh yourself naked in the mornings