Chapter 14

Question 1

*youth athletes

Answer 1

+ages 5-17
+don’t tolerate heat as well as average-aged adult
+many are obese and sedentary, with no previous physical activity, which makes them at risk for injury

Question 2

masters and older adults athletes

Answer 2

+40-50; 65+
+aerobic exercise for sedentary should start gradually and @ very low intensity; progression should be as tolerated
+not able to handle hot, humid environments
+may take prescription medication, have chronic diseases, and less muscle mass
+balance difficulties, cognitive decline, musculoskeletal discomfort, negative fear of injury, no self-confidence, and daily routines they are uncomfortable changing
+Don’t require same amount of total calories per day as younger adults
+increase vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium intake to maintain optimal nutrition

Question 3

angina

Answer 3

+chest pain created due to a lack of oxygenated blood flow to heart
+must follow a warm-up and cool-down protocol, as well as all other conditioning principles
+aerobic physical activity should be performed
+STx should focus on circuit training w/ light resistance; also flexibility exercises performed
+b4 and after exercise, evaluate and record the athlete’s HR and BP

Question 4

stable angina

Answer 4

when pain occurs in a predictable manner during physical activity and exercise

Question 5

Hypertension

Answer 5

+high BP
+athletes who have HBP see more dramatic increases of systolic BP than do athletes without HBP
+primary goal should be for individual to lose wt and eat nutritious foods
+progress to goal of completing 30 minutes of aerobic PA or exercise for as many days per week as possible
+circuit Tx is shown to be more purposeful than STx in decreasing BP for athletes w/ HBP
+monitor BP b4 and after exercise
+systolic pressure greater than 200 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure greater than 115 mm Hg should not exercise until the BP is controlled w/ medication

Question 6

Cardiovascular Disease and Heart Attack

Answer 6

+broad term utilized to describe ill conditions of the heart
+if CV disease not controlled a myocardial infarction can occur
+must avoid performing a Valsalva maneuver during exercise
+should not participate in PA in extreme environments
+will complete 4 phases of cardiac rehabilitation, including PA and exercise.

Question 7

cancer

Answer 7

+exercise benefits include maintenance of BW, increased body image, quality of life, positive outlook and decreased depression
+PA increases energy balance, decreases fatigue, and increases survival rates for adults w/ breast cancer
+may have limitations, loss of ROM, or muscle weakness

Question 8

Tx for cancer

Answer 8

+participate in aerobic exercises composed of large muscle activity
+incorporate daily flexibility program
+STx w/ free weights and resistance bands
+circuit Tx also beneficial.
+Incorporate ADLs into the program

Question 9

Fibromyalgia

Answer 9

+joint pain and stiffness as well as inflexibility and contracture of soft tissues
+No specific cause for the condition
+exercise can be beneficial; can decrease pain and joint stiffness, while increasing muscle and tendon flexibility
+Typically more hesitant to exercise due to fear of increased pain
+often state that cold or hot environments exacerbate symptoms
+minimize any movements or exercises, including eccentric activity that can increase symptoms
+must move very slowly due to physical and psychological considerations
+Functional activities should mimic ADLs

Question 10

diabetes

Answer 10

+high levels of sugar exist in blood
+3 common types: 1, 2, and gestational diabetes
+Exercise benefits: increased insulin sensitivity, decrease in body fat, and increase in CV health
+T2D can have decreased blood glucose levels w/ exercise
+measure blood glucose level before exercise
+Can perform aerobic and anaerobic activities at levels that an athlete w/out diabetes would utilizing FITT principle
+STx activities focus on muscular endurance training w/ low resistance and high reps
+diabetic individuals have progressively poor circulation in extremities

Question 11

obesity

Answer 11

+excessive amount of body fat; BMI over 30
+usually physically inactive; begin w/ mild intensity
+lower extremity activities may need to include both weight-bearing and nonweight-bearing exercises
+incorporate simple exercises such as AROM, gentle stretching, and isometric activities; progress as tolerated
+May prefer and better tolerate two shorter exercise sessions per day
+Must continually hydrate before, during, and after exercise because of a loss of a lot of water through sweat from increased body heat production

Question 12

Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 12

+affects the CNS; no cure
+exercise benefits athletes the same w/ or w/out MS
+assist an athlete by increasing mobility, flexibility, strength, endurance, and well-being, while decreasing spasm, stiffness, fatigue, and depression
+Some unable to maintain adequate blood flow to muscles during exercise.
+hydration is important for athlete to avoid heat illness
+incorporate aerobic, strength, and flexibility training into athlete’s exercise program utilizing FITT principle

Question 13

Spinal Cord Injury

Answer 13

+creates partial or complete loss of function in torso and all extremities (quadriplegia or tetraplegia) or lower extremities (paraplegia) and causes reduced or complete inability to perform gross motor function
+exercise decreases muscle contracture, spasm, depression, increases ROM and flexibility of the movable limbs, and self-worth and independence
+quadriplegic individuals don’t adapt well to extreme heat or cold
+utilize belts and straps to stabilize the athlete safely
+have athlete empty bladder, bowel, and urine or colostomy bag prior to exercise
+increase AEx and STx exercises slowly, using FITT principle
+Flexibility exercises performed daily, b4 and after exercise

Question 14

Arthritis

Answer 14

+inflammation of joints, which may cause individual to be deconditioned due to inactivity and joint pain
+exercise results in improvements in CV status, neuromuscular control, flexibility, aerobic capacity, muscular strength and endurance, ROM during ADLs, and decreases in stiffness
+safe activities: walking, cycling, and swimming
+ begin @ low intensity and duration
+daily flexibility exercises w/out overstretching
+STx can include any activity that a nonarthritic athlete can perform

Question 15

Osteoporosis

Answer 15

+exercise and wtt-bearing exercises are crucial for adults w/ osteoporosis.
+wt bearing assists bones in maintaining density and strength.
+perform exercises as per FITT principle
+type of exercise depends on patient’s motor and cognitive function and previous PA
+STx activities can incorporate any type of resistance equipment
+flexibility and functional activities incorporated to improve ROM and ADLs
+may have fear of falling and breaking a bone

Question 16

athma

Answer 16

+causes bronchi to swell and become narrow
+aerobic activity produces more efficient lung capability, decreases exacerbations, increases general overall fitness and cardiorespiratory endurance, promotes easier and better ADL performance, produces breathing efficiency, fewer breathing complications, and decrease in wheezing
+perform better when exercising in warm, moist environments
+shorter duration exercises w/ intermittent bouts are better
+STx includes dumbbells, tubing, band exercises, and isotonic machines
+perform flexibility exercises daily

Question 17

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Answer 17

+common respiratory condition that involves chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema
+exercise increases efficiency of functional lungs and cardiovascular system, decreases wheezing and shortness of breath, and decreases respirations and oxygen required.
+must have immediate access to bronchodilator medication during exercise
+some may need supplemental oxygen during exercise
+STx has been shown to improve health-related quality of life more than endurance training
+completion and progression are more important than exercise intensity

Question 18

Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 18

+hereditary, life-threatening disease; abnormal quantity of thick, salty mucus that exists in and clogs the air passageways and other body organs
+exercise increases cardiorespiratory efficiency > assists in clearing mucus > increases oxygen consumption
+AEx and STx increase LBM, maximum oxygen consumption, respiratory muscle endurance, and health-related quality of life
+utilize prescribed bronchodilators
+can tolerate exercise in heat, but lose excessive salt when sweating
+if severe may cause lower-extremity joint pain
+aerobic activities should include large muscle group exercises
+many can tolerate high-intensity prolonged exercise, which has been shown to be highly beneficial.
+STx involve large muscle groups, and functional activities focus on ADLs

Question 19

anemia

Answer 19

+when an individual’s blood contains insufficient red blood cells, which results in decreased oxygen to body
+Iron deficiency, vitamin deficiency, and sickle cell exist
+during exercise, oxygen to muscles is increased and is comparable to that of nonanemic athletes
+sickle cell anemic individuals can participate in high-intensity exercise most often w/out any issues; keep exercise at moderate level
+can improve cardiorespiratory endurance significantly
+athletes w/ iron deficiency anemia must supplement diet w/ iron-rich foods or iron supplements
+vitamin deficiency anemia, athlete’s diet must contain foods rich in vitamin B12 and folate

Question 20

Pregnancy

Answer 20

+benefits: all cardiorespiratory benefits, maintenance of healthy wt, decrease in back pain and risk of gestational diabetes, increase in energy and muscle endurance
+Exercises focus on aerobic and flexibility exercises versus STx
+include stretching and relaxation activities
+gains wt in 2nd and 3rd trimester so balance changes
+prone to iron deficiency anemia
+drink plenty of water during exercise
+no contact or activities that require jumping, hopping, bouncing, twisting, and deep knee or trunk bending