Chapter 12 Flashcards
femoral fracture
=occur to the femoral shaft due to a substantial amount of force
=signs/symps: excruciating pain, shock, inability to put pressure or stand on the leg, deformity, crooked appearance, and the leg appearing shorter than the uninjured leg
=stress fractures can occur from repetitive motion and forces applied to femur during constant wt bearing.
=signs/symps: groin/hip pain that increases with activity, swelling, point tenderness, inability to bear weight fully on the leg, thigh muscles weakness, loss of hip function, and an abnormal gait
hip dislocation
=femoral head displaces from acetabulum due to substantial, traumatic, direct blow to hip; to flexed knee w/ force placed upward thru femur; or to foot.
=experiences shock, cant sit up or move hip that’s in an adducted, internally rotated position, and injured leg appears shorter than uninjured leg
hip bursitis
=trochanteric, iliopsoas, and ischial bursitis are typically chronic overuse injuries
=signs/symps: severe, dull, diffuse pain, stiffness, point tenderness, and snapping.
=RICE, avoid all activities that aggravate injury, and see physician if pain lasts for over a week
Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
=femoral head becomes necrotic and breaks
=usually occurs to prepubescent boys
=unknown mechanism of injury, but for undetermined reasons head of femur is deprived of blood and dies
=signs/symps: hip pain and/or pain that refers down into groin and knee
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
=femoral head slips backward out of acetabulum
=in children, especially pubescent and adolescent boys who are overweight for their height
=unknown causes; not preventable
=hip and knee pain, and affected leg appears shorter and turned outward
Adductor “Groin” Strain
=1 or both of legs are forced into abduction w/ or w/out lower extremity rotation
=signs/symps: loss of motion, ecchymosis, swelling, etc
=rest, ice, elastic compression wrap, and anti-inflammatory meds
hip strain
+caused by forceful stretch of ligaments due to excessive, involuntary hip joint ROM during activity
+hip pain, inflexible muscles, joint stiffness, limp, swelling, and point tenderness exist.
+RICE, crutches/cane, and anti-inflammatory meds
Quadriceps Strain
+occurs w/ a concentric or eccentric muscle contraction
+pain, muscle spasm, loss of function, point tenderness
+Grade 3 strain, a bulge and/or divot may be present
+RICE, crutches, anti-inflammatory meds
Quadriceps Contusion
+direct blow by an object
+signs/symps: pain, loss of motion, point tenderness, spasm, increase temp, and ecchymosis
+RICE and NSAIDs
Myositis Ossificans
+ectopic bony growth that occurs in muscle groups, particularly quads and bis; no definitive cause
+pain w/ motion exists, bony formation that may be palpated
+RICE, then increasing ROM and strength
Iliotibial Band Syndrome
+repetitive, constant friction of ITB over lateral femoral condyle causes ITB inflammation.
+pain and popping sensation or sound that occurs over the lateral femoral condyle or greater trochanter exists, tightness, rigidity, and point tenderness.
+heat, stretch b4 exercise, ice pack or ice massage after exercise
knee dislocation
+rare injury occurring due to direct trauma
+signs/symps: shock, deformity, and loss of sensation and circulation
+call 911 immediately, treat for shock, stabilize and splint lower extremity, place ice pack on knee
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Sprain
+patient will hear audible pop, which indicates the ligament rupture, and will feel immediate, severe pain and joint instability when attempting to weight bear on the leg.
Usually not a medical emergency, so treat with RICE and refer to a physician
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Sprain
+patient hears audible pop, immediate, severe pain and joint instability when attempting to weight bear on leg
+RICE and refer to physician
+noncontact ACL sprain → weight-bearing position w/ foot planted on ground
+contact ACL sprains → lower leg hit by another player/person
+fall on foot or land from height and sprain ACL
Posterior Cruciate Ligament Sprain
+direct force to anterior tibia while knee is in approximately 90-degrees flexion
+Grade 3 sprains cause audible pop and severe pain, swelling, point tenderness, and immediate loss of ROM
+same treatment as ACL
Collateral Ligament Sprain
+MCL injured by valgus force or direct blow to lateral side of knee
+LCL injured by varus force or blow to medial side of knee
+Pain, point tenderness, swelling, ecchymosis, and instability exist
+same treatment as ACL
Meniscal Injury
+medial and lateral menisci injured when knee is in some degree of flexion and then rotates while weight bearing
+signs/symps are mild to severe and include pain catching.
+RICE, crutches, and physician
Patellar Fractures
+caused by a direct blow
+signs/symps: pain, knee appears flexed, inability to extend knee, swelling, deformity, ecchymosis, and point tenderness.
+splint leg in position its found in, apply ice pack on area, treat athlete for shock, and call 911
Patellar dislocation
+females prone due to Q angle
+cause pain, deformity, swelling, point tenderness, and inability to move the knee
+treat like other dislocations
Patellar subluxation
+females prone due to Q angle
+signs/symps: pain, swelling, point tenderness, feeling of patella moving out and then back into place at time of injury, normal ambulation, and minimal to no swelling
+apply ice, compression wrap; rest and anti-inflammatory medications
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
+general term used to describe pain at anterior knee and around patella, which has no definitive cause
+pain btwn anterior knee and posterior surface of patella
+grinding, grating, and point tenderness around and behind patella
Chondromalacia Patella
+type of PFPS; occurs when cartilage on lateral posterior portion of patella softens and degenerates over time
+occurs from same mechanisms and same care as PFPS
+dull, aching pain, especially with knee flexion, crepitus, grating, or grinding
Osteochondritis Dessicans
+occurs at patellofemoral joint
+posterior patella and/or the femoral condyles become necrotic due to lack of blood flow to the area
+cartilage degrades and begins to fragment and fracture along with attached bone
+pain, grating, catching, edema, and tenderness
Patellar Tendon Rupture
+forceful, sudden quadriceps muscle contraction or from a fall when the athlete lands on the area
+shock, immediate severe pain, felt or heard a pop, ecchymosis, swelling, and point tenderness
+treat for shock, apply ice, splint, and call 911
Patellar Tendinitis (Jumper’s Knee)
+repetitive knee flexion concurrent w/ quadriceps muscle overload
+pain at beginning and after activity
+rest and discontinue activities that cause pain, apply ice, elevate area, wear a patellar compression strap, and take anti-inflammatory medication
+stretching and strengthening of quadriceps help prevent
*Osgood-Schlatter disease
+occurring primarily with adolescents
+inflammation of the athlete’s tibial tubercle apophysis where it attaches to the patellar tendon
*Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease
+occurring primarily with adolescents
+inflammation of the patella’s inferior pole at its growth plate, where it attaches to the patellar tendon
Lower Leg Fractures
+overuse tibial stress fractures vs acute tibial and fibular fractures
+Acute: fall, direct blow, or twist of the lower extremity; pain, inability to move the body part, point tenderness, swelling, bruising, and deformity
+Stress: constant, repetitive bounding; → gradual onset of localized tibia pain, which increases during activity and decreases at rest
Medial Tibia Stress Syndrome
+shin splints; overload of medial musculature that lies over the tibia
+pain and point tenderness on the middle portion of the tibia, which decreases or goes away during activity, but then returns at rest.
+immediate care includes ice to the area, taking NSAIDs, and limiting activities
Compartment Syndrome
pressure in lower leg compartments increases and begins to compromise the nerve and vascular structures
Acute compartment syndrome
+caused by a direct blow or severe trauma to the lower leg; call 911
+persistent pain that develops over hours and progressively gets intense, swelling, redness, and decreased sensation and muscular weakness down the leg and into the foot
Exertional compartment syndrome
+caused by muscular contraction during exercise activity
+gradual pain during exercise that continues to increase until exercise is stopped
+athlete should stretch, wear orthotics, make biomechanical changes, utilize massage, and rest from activities
Gastrocnemius and the Achilles tendon strains
+due to a forceful muscle contraction, a sudden stretch, or repetitive loading
+Grade 1 and 2: exhibit typical signs and symptoms for strains; RICE, and if crutches
+Grade 3: create a snap or pop at time of injury, muscles roll up and create a bulge in calf area, which appears deformed; treat for shock and call EMS
Ankle Dislocation
+caused by a severe force on the joint
+same signs/symps exist as with a knee dislocation
+call 911, treat for shock, stabilizing and splinting ankle, applying ice to the area
Ankle Sprain
+1 of most common lower-extremity injuries; joint is forced beyond its normal ROM
+signs/symps like other ligamentous sprains, and depend on the grade
+RICE and crutches
+Prevention: stretching gastrocnemius and Achilles tendon, strengthening the muscles, improving lower body coordination, balance, and agility, and wearing proper shoes
foot fractures/dislocations (acute)
+fractures occur to phalanges, metatarsals, and calcaneus; metatarsals and phalanges usually dislocated
+caused by direct trauma to the area
+call 911 immediately, treat for shock, splint the foot and ankle, apply ice
foot fractures/dislocations (stress)
+fractures occur to phalanges, metatarsals, and calcaneus; metatarsals and phalanges usually dislocated
Plantar Fasciitis
+excessive tension placed on plantar fascia over a period of time, tissue begins to fail and inflammation results
+sharp pain at underside of foot upon waking in morning and stepping down.
+care includes NSAIDs, stretching plantar fascia and Achilles’ tendon, and ankle muscle strengthening
Pes Planus
+flat medial longitudinal arch called flat foot
+structural: occurs in athletes typically from birth
+flat arch when weight bearing and nonweight bearing
+functional: caused by loose soft tissue structures, bone malformations in the foot, or nerve problems
+arch visible while nonweight bearing and flat when weight bearing
Pes Cavus
+high arch; caused over time when an athlete continually wears shoes that have a too-small toe box
+painful and rigid arch
bunion
+bony outgrowth occurring at base of medial 1st metatarsal, which forms when an athlete wears shoes w/ tight, pointed toe box; also due to heredity
+great toe angulated toward 2nd toe, a large bump exists at medial first metatarsal head, and signs of inflammation present
sprains (turf toe)
+hitting the end of toe on a nonyielding object, or when the toe is forced into a valgus, varus, or hyperextended position
+same signs/symps as any Grade 1, 2, or 3 sprain
+RICE, buddy taping, anti-inflammatory medications, and crutches if he or she cannot weight bear without pain
Hammer, Claw, and Mallet Toe
+Toe deformities from tendon contractures caused by wearing shoes that have a tight toe box
+Deformed, contracted, and callused toes
+wear shoes w/ larger toe box, and perform ROM and flexibility exercises
Subungual Hematoma
+blood underneath the toenail caused by a direct blow to the nail
+Pain increases as blood accumulates under point tender nail due to pressure created by blood, which is red at 1st and later turns dark purple to black
+ice, and then physician to drain blood from toe
