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anatomy > chapter 14 > Flashcards

chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

where is the majority of the body’s neural tissue?

A

in the brain (97%)

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2
Q

how much does the brain weigh?

A

1.4 kg (3 lbs)

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3
Q

what is the typical brain volume?

A

750 ml to 2100 ml

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4
Q

what are the six regions of the brain?

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

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5
Q

where in the brain is conscious thought and intelligence produced?

A

neural cortex

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6
Q

cerebrum

A
  • largest portion of the brain
  • origination of conscious thoughts, sensations, memory, complex movements
  • made of two cerebral hemispheres
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7
Q

cerebellum

A
  • 2nd largest part of the brain
  • adjusts ongoing movements
  • coordinates repetitive body movements
  • covered by cerebellar cortex
  • coordinates skeletal muscle contractions
  • maintains muscle tone and posture
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8
Q

diencephalon

A
  • made of thalamus (3 divisions)
  • links the cerebrum with the brain stem
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9
Q

thalamus

A

relays and processes sensory information

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10
Q

hypothalamus

A

floor of diencephalon
- controls hormone production, emotions and autonomic function

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11
Q

what connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

the infundibulum

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12
Q

pituitary gland

A

major endocrine gland that integrates nervous and endocrine systems

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13
Q

what does the brainstem do?

A

processes information between the spinal cord and cerebrum or cerebellum

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14
Q

what does the brainstem consist of?

A

the brainstem is made up of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

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15
Q

midbrain

A

aka mesencephalon
- processes visual and auditory information/reflexes
- maintains consciousness
- controls reflex responses

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16
Q

pons

A

connects the cerebellum to the brain stem
- houses tracts involved in somatic and visceral motor control

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17
Q

medulla oblongata

A

connects the brain to the spinal cord
- relays information
- regulates autonomic functions (HR, BP, vasoconstriction, digestion)
- contains portions of motor and sensory tracts

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18
Q

reticular formation

A

regulates muscle tone
alerts cortex to incoming signal
maintains consciousness

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19
Q

what is the brain protected by?

A

cranium bones, cranial meninges and CSF
and BBB

20
Q

dura mater

A

consists of outer and inner fibrous layers
- meningeal and periosteal layer
- venous sinuses between two layers

21
Q

arachnoid mater

A

covers the brain, comes in contact with the dura mater
weblike, avascular

22
Q

pia mater

A

attached to the brain by astrocytes

23
Q

dural folds

A

inward folds in the meningeal dura mater
provide stabilization for the brain
contain dural sinuses (collecting veins)

24
Q

what are the three dural folds?

A

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebelli

25
Q

falx cerebri

A
  • projects between cerebral hemispheres
  • contains superior and inferior sagittal sinuses (venous sinuses)
26
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A
  • separates cerebellum and cerebrum
  • transverse sinus which runs across the occipital bone to drain blood from the back of the head
27
Q

falx cerebelli

A

divides the cerebellar hemispheres into two

28
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • surrounds the CNS
  • cushions delicate neural structures
  • supports the brain
  • transports nutrients, chemical messengers and waste
29
Q

what is a choroid plexus?

A

area within each brain ventricle that produces CSF
- made of special ependymal cells
- produces about 500 mL of CSF a day

30
Q

CSF circulation route

A

choroid plexus - ventricles- central canal- subarachnoid space through apetures

31
Q

a problem with CSF resorption in infants can cause what?

A

hydrocephaly

32
Q

cranial trauma

A

head injury resulting from impact with another object

33
Q

what absorbs CSF into venous circulation?

A

arachnoid granulations

34
Q

how does arterial blood reach the brain?

A

though internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries

35
Q

how does venous blood leave the brain?

A

through internal jugular veins in the dural sinuses

36
Q

importance of blood flow to the brain

A
  • uses about 20% of body’s oxygen supply
  • lack of oxygen can result in weakening or permanent damage of brain cells
37
Q

glucose deficiency may produce

A

mental confusion, dizziness and unconsciousness

38
Q

cerebrovascular disease

A

cardiovascular disorders that interfere with blood circulation to the brain

39
Q

CVA

A

aka a stroke is when blood supply to a part of the brain is shut off
neurons will die

40
Q

how is nervous tissue in the CNS isolated?

A

by the BBB

41
Q

What forms the BBB?

A

capillary endothelial cells interconnected by tight junctions

42
Q

what kind of compounds can cross the BBB?

A
  • lipid soluble
  • CO2, O2, ammonia, steroids, prostaglandins
43
Q

what do astrocytes do for the BBB?

A

release chemicals that control endothelium permeability (nutrients, ions)

44
Q

blood CSF barrier

A
  • made of specialized ependymal cells that surround the choroid plexus capillaries
  • limit compound movement into the CNS
  • allow chemical comp. of blood and CSF to differ
45
Q

where won’t you find the BBB?

A
  1. parts of the hypothalamus
  2. posterior lobe of pituitary gland (secretes ADH and oxytocin)
  3. pineal gland
  4. choroid plexus because ependymal cells maintain the blood CSF barrier

anatomy (23 decks)

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