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anatomy > chapter 13 > Flashcards

chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

the spinal cord has a
and it is surrounded by
and includes these nuclei

A

narrow central canal; gray matter; dorsal sensory and ventral motor nuclei

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2
Q

gray matter

A

dominated by unmyelinated neuron/neuroglia cell bodies

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3
Q

white matter

A

contain myelinated and unmyelinated axons that ascend and descend

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4
Q

nuclei

A

bundles of grey matter in the CNS

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5
Q

tract

A

bundles of axons in the CNS
somewhat uniform in diameter, myelination and propagation speed

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6
Q

short tract

A

send sensory and motor signals to spinal cord segments

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7
Q

long tracts

A

connect the spinal cord with the brain

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8
Q

ascending tract

A

send sensory information to the brain

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9
Q

descending tract

A

bring motor commands to the spinal cord

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10
Q

each nerve segment is connected to a pair of

A

spinal nerves

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11
Q

spinal nerves are wrapped in

A

endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium

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12
Q

fiber

A

a single axon with an endoneurium

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13
Q

fascicle

A

a bundle of fibers within a perineurium

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14
Q

nerve

A

a bundle of fascicles within an epineurium

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15
Q

the functions of the spinal cord are

A
  1. to process reflexes
  2. to integrate EPSPS and IPSPS
  3. to conduct sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses to effectors
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16
Q

where are relay neurons found

A

in the brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

what are spinal reflexes

A

rapid, automatic reponses that trigger specific stimuli and are controlled by the spinal cord alone

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18
Q

what are the exact measurements of the spinal cord?

A

18 inches long and 1/2 inch wide
it ends between L1 and L2

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19
Q

what is the central canal full of ?

A

CSF

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20
Q

what causes spinal cord enlargement?

A

amount of grey matter in the segment
involves nerves of limbs

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21
Q

cervical enlargement

A

nerves of shoulders and upper limbs

22
Q

lumbar enlargement

A

nerves of pelvis and lower limbs

23
Q

conus medullaris

A

a thin spinal cord below the lumbar enlargement

24
Q

filum terminale

A

a thin thread of fibrous tissue at the end of the conus medullaris and is attached to the coccygeal ligament

25
Q

cauda equina

A

nerve roots that extend below the conus medullaris

26
Q

cervical nerves are named for ____ while all other nerves are named for _____

A

inferior vertebra, superior vertebra

27
Q

what are dorsal roots?

A

they contain axons of sensory neurons and bring sensory information to the spinal cord

28
Q

what are ventral roots?

A

they containa axons of motor neurons and control somatic and visceral effectors

29
Q

what is dorsal root ganglia?

A

transmit sensory info from PNS to CNS and contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

30
Q

what binds together to form a spinal nerve?

A

sensory and motor roots, which will then form branches of nerve fibers

31
Q

spinal nerves are ____ nerves which carry these kind of fibers

A

mixed nerves that carry both afferent and effferent fibers

32
Q

the spinal cord is protected by the

A

vertebrae, spinal meninges and CSF

33
Q

what is the function of the spinal meninges?

A

to circulate nutrients, blood and absorb shock

34
Q

spinal meninges

dura mater

list characteristics

A
  1. tough outer layer
  2. fibrous, fused with occipital bone
  3. tapers to join the filum terminale in coccygeal ligament
  4. connected to the cranial dura mater
35
Q

arachnoid mater

A

composed of an arachnoid membrane made of simple squamous epithelium
contains collagen and elastin fibers that are filled with CSF

36
Q

pia mater

A

thin, weblike, bound to neural tissue
paired with denticulate ligaments

37
Q

epidural space contains

A

areolar tissue, blood vessels and adipose tissue
between ventral wall canals and spinal dura mater

38
Q

subarachnoid space contains

A

CSF, arachnoid trabeculae

39
Q

the posterior gray horns contain

A

somatic and visceral sensory nuclei

40
Q

the anterior gray horns contain

A

somatic motor nuclei

41
Q

the lateral gray horns contain

A

visceral motor nuclei and are found in thoracic and lumbar segments

42
Q

what is the gray commisure

A

axons that connect one side of the SC to the other

43
Q

tracts or fasciculi

A

found in the white columns
made of bundles of axons
relay information all the in same direction

44
Q

ascending tracts carry information to the

45
Q

descending tracts carry information to the

A

spinal cord

46
Q

peripheral neuropathies are when

A

there are regional losses of sensory and motor functions due to nerve compression

47
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side of the body
(stretch, tendon reflex)

48
Q

contralateral

A

opposite sides of the body

49
Q

monosynaptic

A

two neurons, one synpase

50
Q

polysynaptic

A

multiple synapses

anatomy (23 decks)

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