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Captain Academy > Chapter 13 - Reading Buildings > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Reading Buildings Flashcards

1
Q

Axial Load

A

A load that is imposed through the centroid of another object

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2
Q

Balloon Framing

A

A construction method in which continuous wood studs run from the foundation to the roof, and floors are placed on a shelf (called a Ribbon Board) that hangs on the interior surface of the studs

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3
Q

Beam

A

A structural element that transfers loads perpendicularly to the imposed load

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4
Q

Brittle

A

Description for a material that will fracture or fail as it is deformed or stressed past its designed limits

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5
Q

Cantilever Beam

A

A beam supported at only one end, or a beam that extends well past a support in such a way that the unsupported overhang places the top of the beam in tension and the bottom in compression

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6
Q

Collapse Zone

A

The area that is exposed to trauma, debris, and/or thrust should a building collapse.

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7
Q

Column

A

A structural element that transmits a compressive force axially through its center

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8
Q

Compression

A

A force that causes a material to be crushed or flattened axially through the material

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9
Q

Connection

A

A structural element used to attach other structural elements to one another

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10
Q

Continuous Beam

A

A beam that is supported in three or more places

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11
Q

Curtain Wall

A

A non-load bearing wall that supports only itself and is used just to keep weather out

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12
Q

Dead Load

A

The weight of the building itself and anything permanently attached to it

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13
Q

Ductile

A

Description of a material that will bend, deflect, or stretch as a force is resisted, yet retain some strength

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14
Q

Eccentric Load

A

A load that is imposed off-center to another object

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15
Q

Emergency Evacuation

A

A strict order for all crews to immediately escape from a building interior or roof leaving hose lines and tools that can impede rapid retreat behind

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16
Q

Engineered Wood

A

A host of products that consist of many pieces of native wood glued together to make a sheet, a long beam, or a strong column

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17
Q

False Work

A

Temporary shoring, bracing, or formwork used to support incomplete structural elements during building construction

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18
Q

General Collapse

A

The complete failure of a building to resist gravity

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19
Q

Girder

A

A beam that carries other beams

20
Q

Hybrid Building

A

A building that is a mix of multiple NFPA 220 types or that does not fit into any of the five types

21
Q

Lintel

A

A beam that spans an opening in a load bearing masonry wall, such as over a garage door opening (often called a “Header”)

22
Q

Live Load

A

Any force or weight, other than the building itself, that a building must carry or absorb

23
Q

Partial Collapse

A

An event in which the building can accept the failure of a single component and still retain some strength

24
Q

Platform Framing

A

A construction method in which a single story wall is built and the next floor is built on the tops of the wall studs, creating vertical fire stopping to help minimize fire spread

25
Q

Precautionary Withdrawl

A

A directive for crews to exit a building interior or roof in an orderly manner, bringing hoses and tools along

26
Q

Raker

A

A diagonal brace that serves primarily as a column but must absorb some beam forces as well

27
Q

Shear

A

A force that causes a material to be torn in opposite directions perpendicular or diagonal to the material

28
Q

Spalling

A

The crumbling and loss of concrete material when exposed to heat

29
Q

Spreader

A

A seemingly decorative star or other metal plate used to distribute force over more bricks or blocks as part of an unseen corrective measure that exists inside a building

30
Q

Structural Element

A

The primary load bearing column, beam, or connection used to erect a building

31
Q

Tension

A

A force that causes a material to be stretched or pulled apart in line with the material

32
Q

Torsional Load

A

A load that is imposed in a manner that causes another object to twist

33
Q

Truss

A

A series of triangles used to form an open-web structural element to act as a beam

34
Q

Veneer Wall

A

A decorative wall finish that supports only its own weight

35
Q

Collapse Concept

A

ISO’s must be able to give the IC a judgment regarding the collapse potential of a given building being attacked by fire

36
Q

Load Concept

A

Loads are static and dynamic weights applied to a building and are divided into dead and live loads

37
Q

Three Ways Loads are Imposed

A

Axially - Through the center
Eccentrically - Off center
Torsionally - Twisting

38
Q

Forces created by Imposed Loads

A

Compression - Crushing
Tension - Pulling
Shear - Tearing

39
Q

Structural Elements

A

Name of the primary load-bearing portions of a building

40
Q

NFPA 220

A 
Building Types:
Type 1 - Fire Resistive
Type 2 - Noncombustible
Type 3 - Ordinary (Masonry Walls, Wood floors+roof)
Type 4 - Heavy Timber
Type 5 - Wood Frame
41
Q

Eras of Building Construction Type

A

Founder’s Era - Prior to WW1
Industrial Ery - WW1-WW2
Legacy Era - WW2-1980’s
Lightweight Era - 1980’ to Present

42
Q

Occupancy Use

A

The use of the building that was intended upon construction

43
Q

5 Step Method of Decision Making

A
  1. Identify the building classification using a type/era/use/size approach
  2. Identify the fire and heat locations, and determine whether structural elements are being attacked
  3. Analyze the transference of loads that pass through the building and envision weak links
  4. Analyze the passage of time and its impact on materials
  5. Determine collapse potential and communicate warnings and collapse zones
44
Q

Typical Weak Links of a Building during a Fire

A

Connection points, Trusses, Overloaded elements, clear/open floor and roof spans, facades, parapets, lightweight stairs, void spaces

45
Q

Late Indicators of Collapse

A

Sagging floors and roofs, cracks in masonry, settling noises, bulging or leaning walls, large volumes of fire attacking structural elements

46
Q

Communicating Collapse Potential

A

Should be done based on one of the following circumstances:
emergency evacuation
precautionary withdrawal
planning awareness

47
Q

Collapse Zone Concept

A

ISO must communicate established collapse zones, which are exclusionary or “No Entry” zones for everyone. The 1 1/2 rule is a starting place for creating zone distances, although masonry can collapse three times the height of the wall outwards

Captain Academy (22 decks)

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