Chapter 13: Manipulative and Body-Based Therapies

Question 1

Chiropractic medicine

Answer 1

a method of treatment based on the belief that the nervous system interact, and if that interaction is blocked, disease and/or pain will occur

Question 2

Chiropractic belief

Answer 2

the body has an inherent ability to heal itself if nerve impulses can travel freely between the brain and the rest of the body

Question 3

subluxation

Answer 3

one or more bones of the spine that have moved out of position and cause pressure on or irritate spinal nerves

Question 4

spinal manipulation

Answer 4

the process of manipulating misaligned vertebrae or other joints in the body back into place

Question 5

Bonesetters

Answer 5

people who set the broken bones of people without conducting surgery

Question 6

True or false: Palmer became confident that spinal manipulation could heal about 95% of all diseases

Answer 6

true

Question 7

True or False: Chiropractors believe that good health is determined by a healthy nervous system, particularly a healthy spinal column

Answer 7

true

Question 8

What are the two straight camps

Answer 8

objective straights and traditional straights

Question 9

objective straights

Answer 9

focus soley on the correction of chiropractic vertebral subluxations

Question 10

traditional straights

Answer 10

traditional straights claim that chiropractic adjustments are a plausible treatment for a wide range of diseases
-believe in the concept of innate intelligence

Question 11

What percent of chiropractors are identified as straights

Answer 11

15%

Question 12

Chiropractic mixers

Answer 12

believe that disease can be caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and the like
However, they believe that subluxations can lower resistance to disease or cause a neurological imbalance within the body, thus lowering resistance to disease

Question 13

true or false: mixers compromise majority of practitioners

Answer 13

true

Question 14

reform chiropractors

Answer 14

They rejected traditional Palmer philosophy and tended not to use alternative medicine methods. Reform chiropractors promoted scientific studies and practices and were considered the most biomedical of the groups. They recommended chiropractic care only for musculoskeletal disorders and did not believe that spinal joint dysfunction is the cause of disease; therefore, they did not focus on subluxations only.
The association they developed was the National Association for Chiropractic Medicine (NACM), an association of chiropractors working for reform.

Question 15

True or false: the reform chiropractor group was unable to influence the number of chiropractors needed to maintain their existence therefore the group is now defunct

Answer 15

true

Question 16

true or false: chiropractors have historically bee opposed to vaccination and water fluoridation

Answer 16

true because of their belief that all diseases were traceable to causes in the spine, and therefore could not be affected by vaccines.
-believe vaccines are a false sense of security

Question 17

True or false: x ray studies are a major diagnostic tool for chiropractors and are often used during initial evaluation

Answer 17

true

Question 18

chiropractic adjustment

Answer 18

includes a wide variety of manual and mechanical procedures usually directed at specific joints. The adjustment may be delivered in many ways using the basic techniques: high or low velocity speed, short or long lever (direct application of force to spinous processes), high or low force, and with or without recoil.3 The combination most used is high velocity, short lever, and low force.3

Question 19

Thompson chiropractic technique

Answer 19

involves analyzing the length of the legs and uses a drop table for adjustment. A gentle thrust is applied to the joints, which sets the drop table into motion. After the leg check analysis, the chiropractor adjusts the legs using a combination of multiple thrusts.

Question 20

The cox flexion/distraction technique

Answer 20

restore range of motion in joints and muscles
It is performed on a special table that flexes and bends various muscles and joints to restore herniated discs, reduce headaches, and improve posture.

Question 21

the activator

Answer 21

mechanical aid to chiropractic adjustment
-a small tool that delivers a light and measured force to correct a misalignment. It gently and painlessly moves the vertebrae

Question 22

Gonstead chiropractic technique

Answer 22

application of different levels of pressure to address specific misaligned joints (subluxations). It is used to increase muscle and joint mobility.
It is “short lever, high velocity and low amplitude” used with the chiropractor stabilizing the region above or below the area being adjusted. Several different types of chairs and tables are utilized for the Gonstead technique.

Question 23

Active release technique

Answer 23

developed by P. Michael Leahy,
It is designed to treat scar tissue adhesions that can cause symptoms such as pain, weakness, and restricted range of motion.
It is also used to treat overused muscles that may have small tears or that are not getting enough oxygen. ART uses motion and hands-on muscle manipulation of the affected part.
Exercises and stretches would be taught to the patients as an adjunct to this therapy

Question 24

dry needling

Answer 24

a procedure involves inserting an acupuncture needle into the affected area (trigger point area, muscle knot, or a tendon).
This technique seems to break up the muscle tension and tone and to promote scar tissue changes. It also serves to increase blood flow and helps the body’s natural healing system.
Chiropractors have to become certified in acupuncture before dry needling certification

Question 25

chiropractic adjustment contraindications

Answer 25

-advanced osteoporosis, bleeding abnormalities or being on anticoagulants, or having spinal malignancy or other spinal inflammatory disease.

Question 26

rare serious side effects

Answer 26

Upper spinal manipulation could cause arterial dissection and stroke; lower spinal manipulation could cause cauda equina syndrome.
The cauda equina are a bundle of spinal nerve roots that arise from the lower end of the spinal cord. The syndrome is characterized by dull pain in the lower back and upper buttocks and lack of feeling in the buttocks, genitalia, and thigh, together with disturbances of bowel and bladder function.

Question 27

Pros of chiropractic care

Answer 27

-shown to be effective for back and neck pain, can help decrease frequency of headaches, and provides benefits for several other conditions. Chiropractic does not require drugs and is considered a natural treatment. Because of the nature of chiropractic, many doctors develop close relationships with patients, and they stress educating patients about their backs and healthy lifestyles.

Question 28

Cons of chiropractic care

Answer 28

stem from those chiropractors who adhere to a philosophy that spinal manipulation can cure diseases

Question 29

Massage therapy

Answer 29

a system of manipulating soft tissue and muscles using a variety of physical methods, including applying fixed or moveable pressure, holding, vibrating, rocking, applying friction, kneading and compressing, and/or causing movement to the body.

Question 30

Western massage

Answer 30

methods tend to focus on stretching and are more soothing and calming

Question 31

Eastern massage

Answer 31

use direct and focused pressure and are more stimulating. Eastern methods incorporate the concept of chi (qi) energy; massage is used to help chi flow through the body better

Question 32

Types of western massage

Answer 32

-Swedish massage
- ses firm but gentle pressure to promote relaxation, ease muscle tension, and create other types of health benefits

Escalen massage
- incorporates the sound of waves in the background, and if not close to water, uses recordings of waves breaking onto a beach or rocks. The rationale is that the ocean provides a slow-moving rhythm said to be similar to the internal rhythm of our bodies. Long, slow strokes are given to awaken awareness, and then the contact deepens and muscles are kneaded. It is said to be a wellness/stress management type of massage

Holistic massage
- the massage therapist does not just focus on symptoms, but will attempt to address the underlying cause of the symptoms.
-lymphatic drainage

Question 33

Types of eastern massages

Answer 33

Ayurvedic massage
- does not use a massage table, but rather a massage mat, usually made of reeds, placed on an Indian-style futon or cotton mattress
-raditional Indian massage techniques are based on the Ayurvedic doshas and marmas (pressure points).

Tuina
-hrough the application of massage, chi flow is increased and allows the body to heal itself. The therapist uses hand techniques that massage soft tissues, muscles, and tendons, and uses acupressure to directly move the flow of chi. External herbal poultices, compresses, liniments, and salves may also be used.

Lomi lomi
-i Hawaiian massage therapy also uses massage to increase energy flow in the body.
-Massage is related to that philosophy through gently, yet deeply, working the muscles with loving hands. It uses continuous, long flowing strokes and relaxes the entire being. The therapist may use the forearms as well as the hands so that people who experience it say it feels like gentle waves moving over the body.

Shiatsu
- massage is a holistic type of body work and is a method to gain relaxation.
-Shiatsu uses acupressure techniques applied with hands, thumbs, elbows, and knees.
-The client has to change positions during the massage, lying on the back, the stomach, and both sides.

Question 34

Reflexology

Answer 34

is a form of massage that involves applying pressure to points on the feet, hands, and ears. The theory of reflexology is that the body is divided into 10 energy loops that start at and then return to the hands and feet. By stimulating the origins of these loops in the feet or hands, reflexologists believe that the pressure will cause a response in any of the organs or systems found within that particular loop.

Question 35

True or false: in reflexology, the body is believed to be mirrored in the shape of the feet

Answer 35

true

Question 36

Basic technique steps for reflexology

Answer 36

1.The client sits down with feet resting on a support.
2.The feet are bathed before the treatment. Rose water is often used because it helps to soothe the feet, and clients feel they are being pampered when their feet are bathed.
3.The reflexologist positions the feet close to each other and imagines looking at a map of the body.
4.Various points on the feet are pressed to stimulate the circulation.
5.Pressure is applied from the big toe down the foot, moving from side to side.

Question 37

true or false: physicial therapists also use reflexology