Chapter 13: Manipulative and Body-Based Therapies Flashcards
Chiropractic medicine
a method of treatment based on the belief that the nervous system interact, and if that interaction is blocked, disease and/or pain will occur
Chiropractic belief
the body has an inherent ability to heal itself if nerve impulses can travel freely between the brain and the rest of the body
subluxation
one or more bones of the spine that have moved out of position and cause pressure on or irritate spinal nerves
spinal manipulation
the process of manipulating misaligned vertebrae or other joints in the body back into place
Bonesetters
people who set the broken bones of people without conducting surgery
True or false: Palmer became confident that spinal manipulation could heal about 95% of all diseases
true
True or False: Chiropractors believe that good health is determined by a healthy nervous system, particularly a healthy spinal column
true
What are the two straight camps
objective straights and traditional straights
objective straights
focus soley on the correction of chiropractic vertebral subluxations
traditional straights
traditional straights claim that chiropractic adjustments are a plausible treatment for a wide range of diseases
-believe in the concept of innate intelligence
What percent of chiropractors are identified as straights
15%
Chiropractic mixers
believe that disease can be caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and the like
However, they believe that subluxations can lower resistance to disease or cause a neurological imbalance within the body, thus lowering resistance to disease
true or false: mixers compromise majority of practitioners
true
reform chiropractors
They rejected traditional Palmer philosophy and tended not to use alternative medicine methods. Reform chiropractors promoted scientific studies and practices and were considered the most biomedical of the groups. They recommended chiropractic care only for musculoskeletal disorders and did not believe that spinal joint dysfunction is the cause of disease; therefore, they did not focus on subluxations only.
The association they developed was the National Association for Chiropractic Medicine (NACM), an association of chiropractors working for reform.
True or false: the reform chiropractor group was unable to influence the number of chiropractors needed to maintain their existence therefore the group is now defunct
true
true or false: chiropractors have historically bee opposed to vaccination and water fluoridation
true because of their belief that all diseases were traceable to causes in the spine, and therefore could not be affected by vaccines.
-believe vaccines are a false sense of security
True or false: x ray studies are a major diagnostic tool for chiropractors and are often used during initial evaluation
true
chiropractic adjustment
includes a wide variety of manual and mechanical procedures usually directed at specific joints. The adjustment may be delivered in many ways using the basic techniques: high or low velocity speed, short or long lever (direct application of force to spinous processes), high or low force, and with or without recoil.3 The combination most used is high velocity, short lever, and low force.3
Thompson chiropractic technique
involves analyzing the length of the legs and uses a drop table for adjustment. A gentle thrust is applied to the joints, which sets the drop table into motion. After the leg check analysis, the chiropractor adjusts the legs using a combination of multiple thrusts.
The cox flexion/distraction technique
restore range of motion in joints and muscles
It is performed on a special table that flexes and bends various muscles and joints to restore herniated discs, reduce headaches, and improve posture.
the activator
mechanical aid to chiropractic adjustment
-a small tool that delivers a light and measured force to correct a misalignment. It gently and painlessly moves the vertebrae
Gonstead chiropractic technique
application of different levels of pressure to address specific misaligned joints (subluxations). It is used to increase muscle and joint mobility.
It is “short lever, high velocity and low amplitude” used with the chiropractor stabilizing the region above or below the area being adjusted. Several different types of chairs and tables are utilized for the Gonstead technique.
Active release technique
developed by P. Michael Leahy,
It is designed to treat scar tissue adhesions that can cause symptoms such as pain, weakness, and restricted range of motion.
It is also used to treat overused muscles that may have small tears or that are not getting enough oxygen. ART uses motion and hands-on muscle manipulation of the affected part.
Exercises and stretches would be taught to the patients as an adjunct to this therapy
dry needling
a procedure involves inserting an acupuncture needle into the affected area (trigger point area, muscle knot, or a tendon).
This technique seems to break up the muscle tension and tone and to promote scar tissue changes. It also serves to increase blood flow and helps the body’s natural healing system.
Chiropractors have to become certified in acupuncture before dry needling certification
chiropractic adjustment contraindications
-advanced osteoporosis, bleeding abnormalities or being on anticoagulants, or having spinal malignancy or other spinal inflammatory disease.
rare serious side effects
Upper spinal manipulation could cause arterial dissection and stroke; lower spinal manipulation could cause cauda equina syndrome.
The cauda equina are a bundle of spinal nerve roots that arise from the lower end of the spinal cord. The syndrome is characterized by dull pain in the lower back and upper buttocks and lack of feeling in the buttocks, genitalia, and thigh, together with disturbances of bowel and bladder function.
Pros of chiropractic care
-shown to be effective for back and neck pain, can help decrease frequency of headaches, and provides benefits for several other conditions. Chiropractic does not require drugs and is considered a natural treatment. Because of the nature of chiropractic, many doctors develop close relationships with patients, and they stress educating patients about their backs and healthy lifestyles.
Cons of chiropractic care
stem from those chiropractors who adhere to a philosophy that spinal manipulation can cure diseases
Massage therapy
a system of manipulating soft tissue and muscles using a variety of physical methods, including applying fixed or moveable pressure, holding, vibrating, rocking, applying friction, kneading and compressing, and/or causing movement to the body.
Western massage
methods tend to focus on stretching and are more soothing and calming
Eastern massage
use direct and focused pressure and are more stimulating. Eastern methods incorporate the concept of chi (qi) energy; massage is used to help chi flow through the body better
Types of western massage
-Swedish massage
- ses firm but gentle pressure to promote relaxation, ease muscle tension, and create other types of health benefits
Escalen massage
- incorporates the sound of waves in the background, and if not close to water, uses recordings of waves breaking onto a beach or rocks. The rationale is that the ocean provides a slow-moving rhythm said to be similar to the internal rhythm of our bodies. Long, slow strokes are given to awaken awareness, and then the contact deepens and muscles are kneaded. It is said to be a wellness/stress management type of massage
Holistic massage
- the massage therapist does not just focus on symptoms, but will attempt to address the underlying cause of the symptoms.
-lymphatic drainage
Types of eastern massages
Ayurvedic massage
- does not use a massage table, but rather a massage mat, usually made of reeds, placed on an Indian-style futon or cotton mattress
-raditional Indian massage techniques are based on the Ayurvedic doshas and marmas (pressure points).
Tuina
-hrough the application of massage, chi flow is increased and allows the body to heal itself. The therapist uses hand techniques that massage soft tissues, muscles, and tendons, and uses acupressure to directly move the flow of chi. External herbal poultices, compresses, liniments, and salves may also be used.
Lomi lomi
-i Hawaiian massage therapy also uses massage to increase energy flow in the body.
-Massage is related to that philosophy through gently, yet deeply, working the muscles with loving hands. It uses continuous, long flowing strokes and relaxes the entire being. The therapist may use the forearms as well as the hands so that people who experience it say it feels like gentle waves moving over the body.
Shiatsu
- massage is a holistic type of body work and is a method to gain relaxation.
-Shiatsu uses acupressure techniques applied with hands, thumbs, elbows, and knees.
-The client has to change positions during the massage, lying on the back, the stomach, and both sides.
Reflexology
is a form of massage that involves applying pressure to points on the feet, hands, and ears. The theory of reflexology is that the body is divided into 10 energy loops that start at and then return to the hands and feet. By stimulating the origins of these loops in the feet or hands, reflexologists believe that the pressure will cause a response in any of the organs or systems found within that particular loop.
True or false: in reflexology, the body is believed to be mirrored in the shape of the feet
true
Basic technique steps for reflexology
1.The client sits down with feet resting on a support.
2.The feet are bathed before the treatment. Rose water is often used because it helps to soothe the feet, and clients feel they are being pampered when their feet are bathed.
3.The reflexologist positions the feet close to each other and imagines looking at a map of the body.
4.Various points on the feet are pressed to stimulate the circulation.
5.Pressure is applied from the big toe down the foot, moving from side to side.
true or false: physicial therapists also use reflexology
