Chapter 12 (Romanesque)

Question 1

The Bayeux Tapestry is the conqueror’s version of history. It is a narrative that includes the battle sequences as well as the preparations for war. It is said that this is the most Roman of all Romanesque artworks. Which of the following supports this contention?

Answer 1

…It has often been likened to the frieze from the Arch of Constantine.

Question 2

The mission of the ____, the earliest crusading knights, was to protect Christians visiting Christian shrines in the Holy Land.

Answer 2

…Knights Templar

Question 3

The east end of Saint-Étienne at Vignory, which was composed of ____, was innovative.

Answer 3

…an ambulatory and three radiating chapels

Question 4

Saint-Sernin at Toulouse has been called a “pilgrimage-type” church. Which of the following accounts for this designation?

Answer 4

…It had radiating chapels attached to the transept and ambulatory.

Question 5

At Pentecost the apostles were called to ____.

Answer 5

…become witnesses of the Gospels to the world

Question 6

Compound piers are ____.

Answer 6

…piers with attached columns or pilasters

Question 7

Pilgrims often journeyed to churches to view ____, which were the material remains of holy figures.

Answer 7

…relics

Question 8

The plan of Saint-Sernin is extremely regular and geometrically precise. It is based on a module seen in earlier church architecture. Which of the following churches is the prototype for this refined and rational structural approach?

Answer 8

…Saint Cyriakus, Gernode

Question 9

In its three stories in the nave and timber roof, Saint-Étienne at Vignory resembles ____ churches.

Answer 9

…Ottonian

Question 10

Which church was the burial place of the Holy Roman emperors until the 12th century?

Answer 10

…Speyer Cathedral

Question 11

____ was the economic system that was gradually replaced by the growth of towns and cities during the Romanesque period.

Answer 11

…Monasticism

Question 12

Saint Faith at Conques, Saint James at Santiago de Compostela, and Saint-Sernin at Toulouse are all examples of ____ churches.

Answer 12

…pilgrimage

Question 13

At Saint-Sernin, the ____ served as the module for the proportions of the entire church.

Answer 13

…crossing square

Question 14

Pilgrims believed that relics could ____.

Answer 14

…heal body and soul

Question 15

The primary motivation for undertaking a pilgrimage, which was extremely dangerous and could often last a year, was ____.

Answer 15

…to seek salvation or a cure

Question 16

One of the factors that contributed to the enormous surge in church building during the Romanesque period was the ____.

Answer 16

…thanksgiving experienced at the peaceful conclusion of the first millennium

Question 17

____ was the artist of one of the earliest sets of Romanesque reliefs at Saint-Sernin.

Answer 17

…Bernardus Gelduinus

Question 18

The revival of monumental sculpture in the Romanesque period was partially influenced by ____.

Answer 18

…the survival of ancient Roman ruins

Question 19

The most venerated pilgrimage shrine in the West, outside Rome or Jerusalem, was the ____.

Answer 19

…tomb of Saint James at Santiago de Compostela

Question 20

The composition and style of Bernardus Gelduinus’s Christ in Majesty at Saint-Sernin was influenced by ____.

Answer 20

…Carolingian or Ottonian metalwork and/or ivories

Question 21

Although the church of Saint-Étienne at Vignory had some Romanesque features, it retained many elements of Carolingian-Ottonian architecture, including ____.

Answer 21

…a three-story timber roof

Question 22

Which of the following encouraged the growth of towns and cities?

Answer 22

…An increase in trade

Question 23

____ is the theft of relics for holy purposes.

Answer 23

…Furta sacra

Question 24

In contrast to Saint-Étienne at Vignory, the naves of Sant Vicenç and Saint-Philibert are covered by ____.

Answer 24

…stone vaults

Question 25

The Norman defeat of the Anglo-Saxons at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 united all of England and most of France under one rule. The battle leading to this momentous occasion was the topic for the Bayeux Tapestry. Who commissioned this work?

Answer 25

…Bishop Odo

Question 26

The term Roman-like was adopted to describe the architecture of the Romanesque period because it relied on elements of Roman architecture such as ____.

Answer 26

…groin vaults

Question 27

In the Romanesque period, church interiors became impressive acoustical settings for church services. Which of the following architectural elements allowed for the excellent acoustics?

Answer 27

…The continuous barrel-vaulted naves

Question 28

The nave of pilgrimage churches, such as Saint-Sernin at Toulouse and Saint James, were covered by a ____.

Answer 28

…cut-stone barrel vault

Question 29

The ____ is the covered courtyard in a monastery that expressed the seclusion of the spiritual life and offered a foretaste of paradise.

Answer 29

…cloister

Question 30

The purpose of tribunes such as those found at Saint James at Santiago de Compostela and Saint-Sernin in Toulouse was ____.

Answer 30

…to house the overflow crowds and to buttress the weight of the vaults

Question 31

The monks of the ____ order were among the primary patrons of Romanesque sculpture.

Answer 31

…Cluniac

Question 32

Among those who would be judged favorably in Gislebertus’s Last Judgment are people carrying bags adorned with a shell and a cross. These figures represent ____.

Answer 32

…pilgrims to Jerusalem and Santiago

Question 33

One of the exceptional features of the interior of Saint-Étienne at Vignory in comparison to other Romanesque churches is ____.

Answer 33

…the presence of decorative carving and sculpture

Question 34

What purpose did Gislebertus’s image of the Last Judgment on the portal of Saint-Lazare serve?

Answer 34

…It displayed the saint to whom the church was dedicated.

Question 35

vertical carvings in columns (used at Durham Cathedral)

Answer 35

fluting

Question 36

Zig zag patterns employed very frequently throughout the Durham Cathedral (including on columns and arch molding)

Answer 36

chevron patterns

Question 37

Diamond patterns used at durham cathedral on some of the columns

Answer 37

lozenge

Question 38

Key battle that led to William (Norman king) conquering England

Answer 38

Battle of Hastings

Question 39

Famous stone in Peterborough Cathedral. Displays Christ, Mary, and some of the saints

Answer 39

Hedda Stone

Question 40

Cathedral that was developed throughout the romanesque and gothic time periods.

Answer 40

Peterborough Cathedral

Question 41

Area behind the choir of Peterborough cathedral. Was built during the gothic time period. Functions as an ambulatory

Answer 41

retrochoir

Question 42

Important saint who laid out strict rules saying that monks should “go back to basic”. He opposed any art that could be viewed as superflous

Answer 42

Saint Bernward

Question 43

courtyard for reflection used by monks

Answer 43

cloister

Question 44

Abbey created by Cistercian monks. Very plain in design with no decoration or ornamentation. Adheres to rules set by Saint Bernward.

Answer 44

Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay.

Question 45

Area above a doorway that is semicircular (lunnette). Typically above the door to the entrance of the church or between the narthex and the nave.

Answer 45

tympanum

Question 46

Purpose of Tympanum of Vézelay.

Answer 46

Depicts Christ giving His mission to the apostles (go out into the world). This work was commissioned by Abbot Bernard of Clairvaux to convince crusaders to go out and convert non-christians.

Question 47

mandorla

Answer 47

body halo

Question 48

Early example of large scale figural sculpture during the Romanesque time period.

Answer 48

Tympanum of Vézelay.

Question 49

Typanum that is very similar to the Typanum of Vézelay. It depicts the judgement of souls and has an inscription that inspires fear in the viewer that was intended to encourage viewers (literate and illiterate) to seek salvation through the church. It also depicts the saint to which its church is dedicated.

Answer 49

Last Judgement Tympanum, Cathedral of St. Lazarae (Lazarus), Autun

Question 50

pilaster

Answer 50

square, column

Question 51

The tomb of Edward the Confessor is located at…

Answer 51

Westminster Abbey

Question 52

The Bayeux Tapestry is actually

Answer 52

an embroidery (wool woven into fabric)

Question 53

The Bayeux Tapestry is very similar to

Answer 53

the column of Trajan

Question 54

The Bayeux tapestry is how long

Answer 54

224 ft (but part of the end is missing, this part likely depicted William being crowned)

Question 55

The Bayuex tapestry is similar to what style of art

Answer 55

The late Roman because of the way horses are twisted in death in battle.

Question 56

This type of vaulting helped transition from the romanesque to gothic (started in England)

Answer 56

Rib vaulting

Question 57

Walls are very thick in romanesque architecture because

Answer 57

They have to support the weight of the roofs.