Chapter 12 - Personality Psychology Flashcards
Gordon Allport
an American psychologist and younger brother of Floyd Allport
- student of Hugo Münsterberg
Hugo Münsterberg
argued that there are 2 types of psychology
- causal and objective psychology that describes people as objects in a mechanistic, general way
- purposeful and subjective psychology that focuses on the human experiences and humans as unique beings
William Stern
proponent of personalistic psychology in which the central concept is “the person” and the goal is to understand the individuality of the person
- relational individuality
- real individuality
relational individuality
measuring an individual’s relative or statistical position on a wide range of character traits
real individuality
an approach where the unique self is more than the sum of individual characteristics
the 4 domains Allport identified in psychological traits
- intelligence
- temperament
- self-expression
- sociality
functional autonomy
personality traits develop independently of what happened in the past
- childhood experiences do not necessarily determine them
nomothetic method/approach
compares people to other people on a set of standard questions or traits
- often numerically determined
- assumes general laws that apply to everyone
Raymond Cattell
engaged in the use of factor analysis
- developed the 16 personality factors questionnaire (16 PFQ)
factor analysis
a statistical procedure that reduces the correlation between a large number of individual variable to smaller factors/clusters
Hans Eysenck
reduced individual traits to 3 factors and developed the PEN model
- psychoticism
- extraversion
- neuroticism
Big Five model (OCEAN)
- openness
- conscientiousness
- extraversion
- agreeableness
- neuroticism
Mischel
presented the person-situation controversy
person-situation controversy
situations are more important than personality in determinng how people act
idiographic method/approach
the study of behavior that makes the individual unique
- more qualitative method
Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray
developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Thematic Apperception Test
subjects are asked about the underlying meaning of an ambivalent image (their answers should reflect their real self)
David McClelland
designed a need scoring system
- made needs better known
mature religion
being spritual, connecting to the world and doing good
immature religion
the religion which allows you to distinguish yourself from others
contact hypothesis
interpersonal contact between members of different social groups can reduce prejudice and improve intergroup relations
Max Wertheimer
coined the term “aha-experience”
- the moment a person sees a situation in a new light, it is a positive experience, seeing the whole picture
self actualization
fully developing our personal potential
- discovered by Abraham Maslow
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- self actualization
- esteem
- love and belonging
- safety needs
- physiological needs
physiological needs
most basic needs
- food
- water
- shelter
- oxygen
safety needs
- security
- health
- employment/education
love and belonging
- social contact
- love
- friendship
esteem
- respect
- self-esteem
- success
which needs are the deprivation needs
- physiological needs
- safety needs
- love and belonging
- esteem
Rollo May
developed existential psychotherapy
- emphasized the search for meaning in life
humanistic psychology
focussed on positive motivation and healthy human beings
- established by Maslow, Rogers, and May
positive psychology
an alternative movement that actively focuses on the good things in life
- formed by Seligman
