Chapter 10 - Social influence and social psychology Flashcards
Joseph Gassner
a priest who claimed to be able to cure many different diseases through exorcism
Franz Mesmer
appointed to investigate Gassner’s practices
- he practiced something similar to Gassner’s exorcisms but invoked a naturalistic power to treat his patients
hypnosis
the process of inducing mental concentration, resulting in a state of high suggestibility
- discovered by Mesmer
social influence processes
the different ways in which people are influenced by others’ beliefs or situations
- also explored by Mesmer
magnetism
it is going through the body and is the reason why symptoms are released
animal magnetism
a supposed vital force or energy that was thought to exist within living organisms, including humans and animals
mesmerism
inducing patients by suggestion and using magnetic force to enter a state of crisis
- people tended to show the same signs as exorcism
social facilitation
the increase in behavior when said behavior is performed in a group setting
Marquis de Puysegur
one of Mesmer’s disciples who was uncomfortable with the crisis state patients fell into during magnetism
artificial somnambulism
people reacted to the stimuli but acted as they were asleep, at this very moment they are very open to suggestions
- developed by Puysegur
post-hypnotic amnesia
people forget what had happened during the seance
- they do not recall being instructed to do something after they wake up
post-hypnotic suggestion
the suggestion made during the artificial somnambulism
- e.g. a person is told they should touch their ear every time they cough. after waking up they cough and unconsciously touch their ear and do not remember being told so
Jose de Faria
discovered that sensitivity to suggestion depends on the client
- called the state of artificial sleepwalking lucid sleep
James Esdaile
the first to use mesmerism in the medicine
- used it an anaesthesia
James Braid
believed that the phenomena of mesmerism and animal magnetism deserved a more scientific name
- hypnotism
Jean-Martin Charcot
a director of a hospital in Paris and saw many similarities between hysteria and hypnosis
- used hypnosis to remove symptoms of hysteria
hysteria
patients who had emotional outbursts or certain tics that could not be traced to a physical condition
grande hysteria
patients with many symptoms
- the disease as a whole
petit hysteria
patients with less severe symptoms
Blanche Wittmann
a young woman who was one of the most important cases Charcot investigated
- showed all 3 stages of grande hysteria
Liebault
another person who used hypnosis to treat people with everyday problems
Hippolyte Bernheim
- initially didn’t believe in hypnosis, but was convinced by Liebeault
- concluded that suggestibility is normally distributed in the population (not everyone could be hypnotised)
Joseph Delboeuf
did not believe in hypnosis at all
- conducted similar experiments to Charcot’s but without telling the participants what would happen
- found that the effects of hypnosis were not real
Gustav Le Bon
wrote a book about the psychology of a crowd
- when people are in a crowd, they show the same signs as hypnosis (they think less, become more susceptible to suggestions)
social contagion
the spread of behaviors, emotions, or ideas through a group of people, often in a rapid and unthinking manner
Alfred Binet’s ideas about social contagion
he said that even if you wanted to help your patient, inattentional suggestions would make the patient act differently, meaning that the suggesting is doing the effect and not you
Norman Triplett
introduced the ideas of social facilitation and social inhibition because he observed that people behave differently when they are alone verses when they are with other people
social inhibition
when one performs worse in an activity when in the presence of others
Floyd Allport
built on Binet and Triplett’s ideas and created social psychology
group fallacy
people in groups or crowds form a group mind that omits their individual reactions in situations, however, the focus still should be on studying the individual
Solomon Asch
developed the concept of social conformity
Leon Festinger
conducted a famous study on cognitive dissonance
Stanley Milgram
student of Asch and studied obedience
- Milgram experiment
Philip Zimbardo
conducted the Stanford prison experiment
Elizabeth Loftus
investigated false memories or how memories can be affected by the people around you
- “Lost in the mall” experiment
