Chapter 11 - Freudian psychoanalysis Flashcards
Sigmund Freud
studied medicine in Vienna and met Franz Brentano
Franz Brentano
promoted the act psychology
act psychology
distinguishing the subject of psychology from that of the natural sciences
- natural sciences study objects
- the fundamental unit of analysis of psychology is action
intentionality
referring to and adopting attitudes or beliefs towards an object
Josef Breuer
Freud’s mentor
- treated Bertha Pappenheim
Bertha Pappenheim
suffered from severe hysteria symptoms
pathogenic ideas
emotions whose cause situation is forgotten
conversion
the process where emotional distress is unconsciously transformed into physical symptoms
cathartic method
a therapy that involves expressing and releasing repressed emotions to relieve psychological distress
- developed by Breuer
pressure technique
patients lay on a couch with their eyes closed, asked to recall the earliest experiences of the symptoms. if the patients were not able to remember, Freud pressed his hand on their foreheads, which indeed helped patients remember repressed memories
- the first technique Freud experimented with
free association technique
Freud asked his patients to tell him whatever came to mind. to guide the associations in the direction of the memory he asked the patients specific questions
overdetermination
a symptom is not caused by a single factor, but by 2 or more interacting factors
intrapsychic conflict
a conscious part of the patient wants to face his problems and be healed, but another unconscious part fears the emotional pain of talking about the memories and treis to sabotage the process
- discovered by Freud
seduction theory of hysteria
all hysteria patients must have experienced some form of sexual abuse as a child
- instead of consciously remembering the experience, people unconsciously produce hysterical conversion symptoms
manifest content of dreams
the consciously experienced content of a dream
latent content of dreams
the hidden content of the dream, which originally inspired the dream but only emerges in consciousness through free association
dream work
- displacement
- condensation
- concrete representation
displacement
negative emotions transfer from latent content to the situation you dream about. in a way, a person is experiencing images as less disturbing than the thought that inspired them
condensation
2 or more latent thoughts sometimes condense into a single manifest image
concrete representation
manifest content usually represents latent ideas through concretely experienced sensations. dreams are experienced not only as thoughts, but also as images, sounds, feelings, etc
primary process of thinking (unconscious)
associated with dreaming and symptom formation
secondary process of thinking (conscious)
responsible for rational thinking
wish-fulfulment hypothesis
the latent content of every dream contains some kind of wish that drives the dream itself
polymorphic perversity
different stages in life in which one gets pleasure from different things
the oral zone
typical in very young children because they tend to put everything in their mouths in a manner to explore the world around them
anal zone
learning how to have toilet habits, how to control your body
genital zone
appears in puberty, where the person finds pleasure from another sensation
fixation
when a person has not overcome the conflict in one of the 3 phases
- they find ways to compensate when they grow older
transference
patients transferred traits of important people in their lives to Freud
3 structures of the mind
- id
- superego
- ego
id
operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification of desires, without considering consequences
superego
our ideal projections of moral demands
ego
the rational and realistic part of the mind. develops to mediate between the id’s impulsive desires and the external world
repression
occurs when an emotion is expressed in a different situation from the one in which is arrises
projection
attributing one’s own qualities to someone else
denial
happens when a person does not accept an event that has taken place
intellectualization
approaching some impulses and emotionally charged memories directly but in an intellectual way
rationalization
aligning our behavior with our thoughts, by explaining our behavior
identification
this parent was the ideal of the superego and helped develop a moral requirement for limitations of the id (impulses)
displacement
take the emotion from the original output and transfer it in another situation
castration complex
when boys love their mother and they want her love, but there is another male in the house (the father), who is also loved by the mother, the boy sees him as a threat
penis envy
in a way the girls want to have a penis, but as they do not this creates a source of struggle
Horney
thought that castration complex and penis envy were complete nonsense
Melanie Klein
made an accurate analysis of relationships between children
- refined by Fairbairn and Winnicott
object relations
the first emotion is love for the mother, the mother-child relationship is what matters
Erik Erikson
worked with children and developed a model of psychosocial development and identity
- the most important things people have to discover about themselves
Adler
developed the inferiority complex
inferiority complex
happens when one is comparing oneself with others
- the feeling of inferiority comes from confronting oneself with someone superior
Jung
developed his own meta psychological model and thought about collective unconscious
- came up with the terms extraversion and intraversion
collective unconscious
segment of the deepest unconscious mind is genetically inherited and not shaped by personal experience
Carl Rogers
developed client-centered therapy
- believed that people were their own best experts
Joseph Wolpe
developed behavioral therapy that emphasised symptom relief
Aaron Beck
developed cognitive therapy
cognitive therapy
seeks to identify and correct incorrect and irrational thoughts
