Chapter 12: Cognitive Development Flashcards
What is the most important cognitive achievement of middle childhood?
Concrete Operational Thought
What is Concrete Operational Thought?
It is the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions
What is Classification?
Organization of things into groups or categories according to common characteristics
Explain Piaget’s Flower Experiment.
Piaget shows 9 flowers to children (7 daisies and 2 roses)
He asks the children if there are more daisies or more flowers.
The children under 8 answered that there are more daisies.
The children 8 and older answered that there are more flowers.
What is Transitive Inference?
Logic
Explain Logic in middle childhood.
The ability to figure out the transfer between one fact and another
What is Seriation?
The ability to understand that things can be arranged in logical series
i.e.: alphabet and numbers
What is Reversibility?
It is the concept that 6 x 6 = 36 and 36/6 = 6
Children now understand this
What is memory?
Memory is a process affected by maturation and experience
What is another term for short term memory?
Working memory
Explain short term/working memory.
Is it the processing system of current, conscious mental activity
It improves significantly from 4 to 15 years old
What is sensory memory?
It is the processing system from stimulus information which is stored for a split second
Explain long term memory.
It is the processing system of limitless amounts of information that can be stored indefinitely
What did Vygotsky say about cognitive development?
Classroom construction is crucial and education occurs at school, during play and at eating times
Vygotsky said that peers and teachers are the bridge between developmental potential, skills and knowledge. What 3 things contributes to this?
Guided participation, scaffolding and zone of proximal development
Vygotsky emphasized what?
A sociocultural context
Piaget emphasized what?
Maturational self discovery
What do children know about language by age 6?
- Basic vocabulary and grammar of their first language
- May speak another language
What do children know about language at school age?
- 20 new words a day
- Grammar rules
- Flexibility and logic thinking
- They understand metaphors, phrases and figures of speech
- Use of adjectives, adverbes, hounds and verbes
- Name 1000 objects +
Explain children understanding metaphors.
They understand and enjoy puns and unexpected answers
What is pragmatics?
It is the ability to change formal and informal codes to fit the audience
i.e.: They use different vocabulary when on the playground rather than when talking to their parents
Who understands how to use pragmatics?
School age children
What is Code of Recognition?
It is the tone of voice and speech
i.e.: Children understand when one raises their voice, that they are angry
Explain family poverty in language development.
There is a strong correlation between academic success and low socioeconomic status
i.e.: Children in low ses families have a smaller vocabulary and simpler grammar
What are the two factors of low achievement in middle childhood?
- Limited early exposure to words
- Teachers and parents expectations
