Chapter 12

Question 1

peristalsis

Answer 1

waves of contraction that assist in propelling food into stomach

Question 2

aspirate

Answer 2

food goes trachea instead of esophagus

Question 3

small intestine

Answer 3

digestion and most of the absorption of nutrients take place here

Question 4

three section of small intestine

Answer 4

duodenum-attached to the stomach; central jejunum; distal ileum-attached to the colon (large intestine); enlargement-appendix attaches here

Question 5

small intestine-villi

Answer 5

increase surface area to increase absorption

Question 6

recovery position

Answer 6

laying on left side

Question 7

colon

Answer 7

does not play a part in digestion; water is added or removed from feces; pd mucus

Question 8

what needs to happen for digestion to function fully

Answer 8

no blockages (whole system: mouth to anus); absorption system through walls of system; intact endocrine system and blood/nerve supply

Question 9

barium test (enema and swallow)

Answer 9

radioactive, iodine, live x-ray; shows tumors, leaking, constriction, etc

Question 10

test for large intestines

Answer 10

colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy

Question 11

digital rectal exam

Answer 11

checks prostate (polyps, etc)

Question 12

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Answer 12

reflux/heartburn; weak sphincter muscles or slow emptying from stomach to intestines; can cause esophageal cancer because of the accumulative damage; can be corrected by meds, sleep on an incline, surgery, diet (decrease foods that are highly acidic)

Question 13

3 pairs of salivary glands

Answer 13

parotid gland, submandibular and sublingual

Question 14

esophageal cancer

Answer 14

squamous cell carcinoma develops from the squamous epithelial cells lining the esophagus and adenocarcinoma derives from the mucus-producing cells; no symptoms early on; advanced symptoms-chronic hiccups; hoarse voice; pain swallowing

Question 15

two common types of precancerous lesions in the mouth

Answer 15

leukoplakia- white area of tissue; erythroplakia- red area of tissue

Question 16

TMJ dysfunction

Answer 16

chronic headaches; treatment includes-exercise, manual therapy, relaxation, postural advice and correction

Question 17

carcinoma of the stomach

Answer 17

no symptoms till advanced; poor prognosis; tests - barium swallow and endoscopy

Question 18

gastritis

Answer 18

inflammation of the lining of the stomach; 2 types-erosive (aka-ulcer; hemorrhage may occur)and nonerosive (aka chronic gastritis);

Question 19

gastroenteritis

Answer 19

generalized inflammation of the stomach and intestine caused by a variety of agents including bacteria, viruses (rotavirus or norovirus) and parasites; wash hands

Question 20

appendicitis

Answer 20

inflammation of the vermiform; generalized pain in ab then localized intense right sided pain; initial cause may be a blockage; usually an appendectomy is needed

Question 21

celiac sprue (celiac disease or gluten enteropathy)

Answer 21

malabsorption disease specific to the small intestine resulting from intolerance to gluten protein; chronic, immunological disease; allergic to a protein in gluten called gliadin, which sets up a toxic rxn in the small intestine that damages the mucosal lining, destroying the intestinal villi

Question 22

ileus

Answer 22

obstructive or paralytic ileus
paralytic-paralysis caused by spinal cord injury or other trauma; nerves of intestine are damaged; no peristalsis, contents back up and create obstruction
obstructive-results from adhesions (post operative) or material blocking

Question 23

herniation

Answer 23

of the intestine through the ab wall causing an obstruction; inguinal hernia-through inguinal ligament; femoral hernia-femoral canal; periumbilical hernia-umbilicus

Question 24

whipple’s disease

Answer 24

rare bacterial, infectious disease; bacteria settle on sm intestine, but can affect brain, joints, heart and lungs; damage villi of the internal surface of sm intestine then rd ability to absorb nutrients; may take 2 years to recover

Question 25

colorectal cancer

Answer 25

malignant tumor of the intestinal tract of lg intestine; diet and heredity

Question 26

diverticulum/diverticula (pleural)

Answer 26

pouchlike process within the wall of the intestine, usually the colon; form where the bands of circular and longitudinal muscle of the wall of the colon meet to provide passage for bv’s; could be from low fiber diet or lack of exercise

Question 27

hemorrhoids

Answer 27

normally occurring nodules of veins inside the distal end of the rectum or anus; aid in elimination of waste; hemorrhoid is when they’re inflamed and enlarged; bleeding from the rectum and itching

Question 28

chronic inflammatory bowel disease

Answer 28

covers a range, but mainly Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
Crohn’s disease-mainly affects the sm intestine but can affect any part of the digestive system
ulcerative colitis-affects only the rectum and colon

Question 29

intestinal polyps

Answer 29

small, fingerlike projections in the wall of the intestines; benign or malignant; benign polyps assoc. with IBD; polyps can turn into neoplastic tumors; polyps removed during colonoscopy to prevent them turning into malignant tumors

Question 30

irritable bowel syndrome

Answer 30

common, nonspecific problem; doesn’t damage the intestines so it doesn’t precede serious diseases like cancer

Question 31

ischemic bowel disease

Answer 31

term used for a group of bowel diseases caused by lack of blood supply to the walls of the lg or sm intestines; 3 main types: acute mesenteric ischemia, chronic mesenteric ischemis and ischemic colitis; assoc w/other diseases such as atherosclerosis or heart diseases; can cause gangrene of intestines (acute and ischemic); acute is a medical emergency

Question 32

peritonitis

Answer 32

inflammation of the peritoneum; acute onset; spontaneous peritonitis related to bacterial infection or assoc with liver of kidney disease; secondary peritonitis is inflammation of the peritoneum resulting from another condition; dialysis-assoc peritonitis occurs during kidney dialysis procedures