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PTAE 113 CLINICAL PATHOLOGY > CHAPTER 1 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1 Flashcards

1
Q

ATROPHY

A

DISUSE/DECREASE IN SIZE OF THE CELL

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2
Q

HYPERTROPHY

A

INCREASE IN SIZE OF CELLS

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3
Q

HYPERPLASIA

A

INCREASE NUMBER OF CELLS

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4
Q

HYPOPLASIA

A

DECREASE NUMBER OF CELLS

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5
Q

INVOLUTION

A

DECREASE NUMBER OF CELLS, BUT TO THE RETURN OF NORMAL SIZE (UTERUS AFTER PREGNANCY)

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6
Q

METAPLASIA

A

CHANGE IN CELLS (CANCER)

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7
Q

CLASSIFICIATION OF INFLAMMATION

A

ACUTE-1ST
SUBACUTE - 24-72 HRS AFTER
CHRONIC-WHEN PROCESS CONTINUES AFTER SHORT TIME (MONTHS, YEARS)

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8
Q

PHASES OF NORMAL WOUND HEALING

A

BLEEDING, INFLAMMATION, PROLIFERATION, MATURATION (REMODELING)

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9
Q

BLEEDING

A

BLOOD CLOT

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10
Q

INFLAMMATION

A

0-10 DAYS; IMMUNE SYSTEM REACTS TO INJURY; EDEMA, ERYTHEMA AND DRAINAGE CAN BE EXPECTED ; CAPILLARIES RELEASE HEALING BUILDING BLOCKS

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11
Q

PROLIFERATION

A

DAY 3 TO APPROX. DAY 20; NEW TISSUE FILLS IN THE WOUND (MYOFIBROBLASTS)

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12
Q

MATURATION (REMODELING)

A

DAY 9 UP TO 2 YEARS; REMODELING OF TISSUE

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13
Q

ARTERIAL WOUND

A

SITE-TOES, FOOT, ANKLE
EDGES-PUNCHED OUT & WELL DEFINED
APPEARANCE-COVERED W/SLOUGH & NECROTIC TISSUE
SIZE-SMALL
EXUDATE-LOW
PAIN-YES
CAN’T HEAL UNLESS BLOOD FLOW RETURNS; NO CAPILLARY REFILL TIME ON TOES OR NOT ABLE TO FEEL PULSE IN ANKLE

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14
Q

VENOUS WOUND

A 
SITE-MEDIAL GAITER REGION
EDGES-SLOPING & GRADUAL
APPEARANCE-COVERED WITH SLOUGH
SIZE-LARGE
EXUDATE-HIGH
PAIN-MINIMAL
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15
Q

LYMPHEDEMA

A

LYMPH SYSTEM PULLS FLUID OUT; AFTER CANCER SURGERY WHERE LYMPH NODES ARE REMOVED AND THUS THE EXTRA FLUID DOESN’T HAVE ANYWHERE ELSE TO GO

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16
Q

PRESSURE ULCER STAGE 1

A

NON BLANCHABLE ERYTHEMA; PROPER POSITIONING & TURNING CAN REPAIR; CAUSED BY LACK OF MOBILITY & MOISTURE (URINE/FECES)

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17
Q

PRESSURE ULCER STAGE 2

A

PARTIAL THICKNESS LOSS OF DERMIS PRESENTING AS A SHALLOW CRATER OR FLUID FILLED BLISTER

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18
Q

PRESSURE ULCER STAGE 3

A

FULL THICKNESS TISSUE LOSS. BONE, TENDON OR MUSCLE NOT EXPOSED (ONLY FAT LAYER)

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19
Q

PRESSURE ULCER STAGE 4

A

FULL THICKNESS TISSUE LOSS WITH EXPOSED BONE, TENDON OR MUSCLE; WILL DIE SOON; NOT MUCH YOU CAN DO

20
Q

UNSTAGEABLE PRESSURE ULCER

A

DEPTH OF ULCER IS OBSCURED BY SLOUGH OR ESCHAR

21
Q

SUSPECTED DEEP TISSUE INJURY

A

DTI; PURPLE OR MAROON LOCALIZED AREA OF DISCOLORED INTACT SKIN OR BLOOD FILLED BLISTER DUE TO DAMAGE OF UNDERLYING TISSUE; CAN HAPPEN BEFORE IT’S OPENED UP; CAUSE LOSS OF BLOOD FLOW WHICH CAUSES TISSUE TO DIE UNDER SKIN; LET HEAL ON IT’S OWN; DON’T OPEN IT UP; CAN BE PAINFUL

22
Q

NEUROPATHIC WOUNDS

A

ULCERATION IS USUALLY ON WEIGHT-BEARING SURFACES OF THE FOOT, ANESTHETIC, ROUND, OVER BONY PROMINENCES. BONES DISSOLVE; WALK ON SOMETHING (LIKE A NEEDLE) & DON’T KNOW IT.

23
Q

COMPLICATIONS TO DELAY HEALING

A

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION (INFECTION); COMPROMISED IMMUNE SYSTEM; CIRCULATORY CONDITIONS (TOO MUCH H2O OUTSIDE CAUSES OSMOSIS); REINJURY; SMOKING; LOW IRON COUNT, LOCATION OF THE WOUND; INFECTIONS, AGE, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, MEDICATIONS, INTERFERENCE BY PATIENT, TEMPERATURE

24
Q

HEALING BY 1ST INTENTION

A

FROM BED OF WOUND UP; HEALS INSIDE TO OUTSIDE; CLEAR/CLEAN MARGINS

25
Q

HEALING BY 2ND INTENTION

A

SIDES INTO MIDDLE (LARGER WOUND); HAS A LOSS OF SKIN OR LOSS OF TISSUE (INCLUDES VENOUS STASIS ULCERS & PRESSURE ULCERS); TAKES LONGER

26
Q

AUTOLYTIC

A

DRESSING ON WOUND & ENCOURAGE BODY TO CLEAR IT OUT (NATURAL PROCESS)

27
Q

CHEMICAL/ENZYMATIC

A

CREAMS TO HELP CLEAN IT OUT

28
Q

BIOSURGERY

A

MEDICAL MAGGOTS IN GAUZE TO CLEAN IT OUT-THEY ONLY EAT DEAD TISSUE

29
Q

PTA & WOUND PATIENT

A

IDENTIFY WOUNDS, CHECK SKIN, NOTICE CHANGES (NOTIFY PT); PATIENT EDUCATION & PROBLEM SOLVING

30
Q

3 GRADES OF LIGAMENT/TENDON STRAIN

A

GRADE 1-MICROTRAUMA LESS THAN 25%
GRADE 2-25-99%
GRADE 3-100% TEAR

31
Q

PHASES OF HEALING -LIGAMENT/TENDON

A

INFLAMMATION-0-10 DAYS; BLOOD; SWELLING
PROLIFERATION;4-8 WEEKS; FIBROBLASTS CREATING DENSE IRREGULAR TISSUE
MATURATION; UP TO 1 YEAR; SHRINKS & BECOMES DENSE REGULAR TISSUE

32
Q

PHASES IN BONE HEALING

A

INFLAMMATION-HEMATOMA FORMATION
PROLIFERATION-FIBROCARTILAGINOUS CALLUS FORMATION & BONY CALLUS FORMATION
MATURATION-BONY CALLUS FORMATION & BONE REMODELING

33
Q

BONE HEALING INFO

A
  • BONE HEALS THICKER (HARDER TO BREAK IN SAME PLACE
  • 6 WEEKS TO HEAL IN HEALTHY PERSON
  • BONY CALLUS FORMS ABOUT WEEK 4
  • IF BONE EDGES ARE FURTHER APART OR IT’S NOT SPLINTED WELL OR NONUNION/MALUNION WILL DELAY HEALING & WILL TAKE LONGER THAN 6 WEEKS
34
Q

BONE FRACTURES ARE DESCRIBED & CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO:

A

TYPE; COMMUNICATION OR NONCOMMUNICATION WITH EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT; ANATOMIC LOCATION

35
Q

TYPES OF FRACTURES

A

AVULSION-MOST COMMON ACL
COMMINUTED-CRUSHED
GREENSTICK-MOSTLY IN CHILDREN (1/2 BEND & 1/2 BREAK)
IMPACTED-BONE CRUSHED INTO ITSELF (AKA BUCKLE FRACTURE)
INTERARTICULAR-INTO JOINT
LONGITUDINAL-ALONG DIAPHYSIS OF BONE
OBLIQUE-ANGLED
SPIRAL-SPIRAL UP SHAFT OF BONE
TRANSVERSE-FORCE, STRAIGHT ACROSS (PARTIAL FRACTURE)
STRESS FRACTURE-REPETITIVE STRESS (MICROTRAUMAS OVER TIME) MOST COMMON - CALCANEAL (BAREFOOT RUNNING)

36
Q

CLASSIFICATION BY COMMUNICATION

A

OPEN FRACTURE: FROM WITHIN TO WITHOUT (BONE BREAKS SKIN) OR FROM WITHOUT TO WITHIN (KNIFE TO BONE)
CLOSED FRACTURE: NO SKIN BROKEN

37
Q

FRACTURE DESCRIBED & CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO:

A

APPEARANCE, POSITION & ALIGNMENT OF THE FRAGMENTS; CLASSIC NAMES; STABLE (ENDS NOT MOVING, INCOMPLETE, PERIOSTEUM INTACT) OR UNSTABLE (LOOSE, NEET TO BE CASTED, NON WEIGHT BEARING)

38
Q

STABLE FRACTURES

A

OCCUR WHEN A PIECE OF THE PERIOSTEUM IS INTACT ACROSS THE FRACTURES; EXTERNAL OR INTERNAL FIXATION HAS RENDERED THE FRAGMENTS STATIONARY (COULD USE BOTH IF IT’S REALLY BAD)

39
Q

UNSTABLE FRACTURES

A

GROSSLY DISPLACED; POOR FIXATION

40
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF A BROKEN BONE - WHAT ARE WE LOOKING FOR…

A

IMMEDIATE LOCALIZED PAIN; DECREASE FUNCTION; INABILITY TO BEAR WEIGHT OR USE AFFECTED PART; GUARDING (HOLDING CLOSE TO BODY); MAY OR MAY NOT SEE OBVIOUS BONE DEFORMITY

41
Q

REPARATIVE PROCESS OF SELF-HEALING (UNION) OCCURS IN THE FOLLOWING STAGES:

A
  1. FRACTURE HEMATOMA (D/T BLEEDING, EDEMA)
  2. GRANULATION TISSUE-OSTEOID (3-14 DAYS POST INJURY
  3. CALLUS FORMATION (MINERALS DEPOSITED IN OSTEOID)
  4. OSSIFICATION (3 WKS-6 MTHS)
  5. CONSOLIDATION (DISTANCE BETWEEN FRAGMENTS DECREASES-CLOSES)
  6. REMODELING (UNION COMPLETED; REMODELS TO ORIGINAL SHAPE, STRENGTH)
42
Q

CLOSED REDUCTION

A

NONSURGICAL, MANUAL REALIGNMENT (MORE SIMPLE FRACTURES)

43
Q

OPEN REDUCTION

A

CORRECTION OF BONE ALIGNMENT THROUGH A SURGICAL INCISION (MORE CRAZY FRACTURES)

44
Q

TRACTION

A
  • APPLICATION OF PULLING FORCE TO ATTAIN REALIGNMENT (SKIN TRACTION 48-72 HRS; SKELETAL TRACTION LONGER PERIODS)
  • APPLICATION OF A PULLING FORCE TO AN INJURED PART OF THE BODY WHILE COUNTERTRACTION PULLS IN THE OPP DIRECTION.
45
Q

EXTERNAL FIXATION OF FRACTURE IMMOBILIZATION

A

METALLIC DEVICE COMPOSED OF PINS THAT ARE INSERTED INTO THE BONE AND ATTACHED TO EXTERNAL RODS
PROTECT FROM INFECTION-CLEANING AREA WHERE ROD TRAVELS OUT TO IN

46
Q

INTERNAL FIXATION OF FRACTURE IMMOBILIZATION

A
  • PINS, PLATES, INTRAMEDULLARY RODS & SCREWS

* SURGICALLY INSERTED AT THE TIME OF REALIGNMENT

47
Q

PURPOSE OF TRACTION

A

PREVENT/REDUCE MUSCLE SPASM
IMMOBILIZATION
REDUCTION
TREAT A PATHOLOGIC CONDITION

PTAE 113 CLINICAL PATHOLOGY (15 decks)

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