Chapter 10-infectious diseases

Question 1

contact isolation precautions

Answer 1

used for infections, diseases or germs that are spread by touching the patient or times in the room (MRSA, VRE, CDIFF, RSV, open wounds)
Wear gown and gloves while in room

Question 2

droplet isolation precautions

Answer 2

used for diseases or germs that are spread in tiny droplets caused by coughing and sneezing (pneumonia, influenza, whooping cough, bacterial meningitis)
Wear a surgical mask in the room

Question 3

hepatitis A (HAV)

Answer 3

Transmitted through contact with body fluids, feces and ingestion of contaminated food and drinking water

Question 4

Hepatitis B (HBV)

Answer 4

transmitted through contact with contaminated blood, blood products, or sexual contact/fluids
IV drug users; dangerous sexual practices-high risk of contracting it
Wear gloves!

Question 5

hep C (HCV)

Answer 5

transmitted via infected blood; IV drug users; dangerous sexual practices-high risk of contracting it; more common in prisons

Question 6

alcoholic hepatitis

Answer 6

a chronic and serious condition of the liver caused by extreme alcohol intake; damage to liver; no precautions; can’t transmit it

Question 7

HIV

Answer 7

human immunodeficiency virus; sexually transmitted viral disease or through blood transfusions; same transmission as Hep B & C; virus infects WBC then attacks and colonizes and kills WBC then immune system fails and turns into AIDS then no more antibodies

Question 8

AIDS

Answer 8

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; failure of body to develop antibodies to infecting organisms; general problems can lead to death-common cold; fungal infections; kaposi’s sarcoma (can develop on anyone, but everyone else can fight them off); AIDS dementia complex (at the end)

Question 9

bacterial

Answer 9

builds up slow; not as high fever; high fever once septic or in brain

Question 10

virus

Answer 10

comes on real quick; high fever really fast (104-105)

Question 11

iatrogenic

Answer 11

from treatment; stuck with infected needle; infected prosthesis; treatment that hurts back; burn bone with ultrasound; burn from hot pack

Question 12

nosocomial

Answer 12

from hospital

Question 13

about nosocomial infections

Answer 13

only reside in hospital; caused by use of antibiotics; caused by viruses, bacteria and fungi

Question 14

3 groups of risk factors for nosocomial infections

Answer 14

patient related; organizational; iatrogenic

Question 15

patient related risk factors

Answer 15

seriousness of illness, whether the immune system is compromised and length of stay needed (decrease hosp stay; decrease length of time wound is open during surgery; accumulative effect of stress on system)

Question 16

organizational risk factors

Answer 16

contamination of AC or water systems; proximity of beds and nurse to patient ratio
UV light kills (sterilizes) almost everything

Question 17

bioburden

Answer 17

virus in body normally, but if it crosses a threshold then it makes us sick; go to hospital because we are already sick and immune system is down

Question 18

iatrogenic risk factors

Answer 18

associated with pathogens on hands of health care team

Question 19

dengue fever or dengue hemorrhagic fever

Answer 19

viral infection; more common in tropical region; through mosquitos; people who travel

Question 20

hantaviruses

Answer 20

RNA virus; rodents; dry climates; breathe it in; rodent poop dust (dry)

Question 21

malaria

Answer 21

mosquitos; not much in the U.S.; fever, sweating, chills; long time infection

Question 22

plague

Answer 22

fever, headache, fatigue, muscle pain, diarrhea, vomiting; everything to a great extent and then you die; from rodents, domestic cats and dogs, sheep and camels
bubonic, pneumonic and septicemic

Question 23

rabies

Answer 23

virus; from raccoons, skunks, bats and foxes
no cure; will die; some have survived, but they don’t know why; spread through saliva of infected animals; if it goes in to the brain its bad

Question 24

rocky mountain spotted fever

Answer 24

bacteria rickettsia ricketsii; transmitted by ticks; cause rash, fever, pain in abdomen, spotted rash; get medical treatment immediately; lyme disease

Question 25

rickettsia prowazekii

Answer 25

human body lic; southeast U.S.; fleas and lice from the flying squirrel

Question 26

west nile virus

Answer 26

encephalitis; lasting effects; mosquitos; infection in brain causes motor, cognitive problems; use mosquito repellant

Question 27

yellow fever

Answer 27

3 types-sylvatic (jungle), intermediate, urban; virus; affects humans and monkeys; passed through mosquitos; symptoms include fever, headache and backache, muscle pains, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting and slow pulse; can get a vaccination;

Question 28

diptheria

Answer 28

acute infectious disease; rare; caused by bacteria; can prevent breathing; spread through coughing, sneezing or contaminated food or drinks; DTaP vaccine

Question 29

mumps

Answer 29

acute, viral infection, usually affects children; transmitted through respiratory droplets from an infected person or contact with urine; symptoms include parotitis, fever, fatigue, muscle aching, loss of appetite; MMR vaccine

Question 30

pertussis (whooping cough)

Answer 30

highly infectious bacterial upper respiratory tract infection; affects mainly children under 2; through respiratory droplets (cough/sneeze); can’t expel mucous because of paralysis of cilia; DTaP and TDaP provide protection;

Question 31

poliomyelitis (polio)

Answer 31

acute viral; direct person to person contact with nasal or oral secretions, infected mucous or infected feces; most at risk are elderly, children and pregnant women

Question 32

rubella (german measles)

Answer 32

viral; transmitted by air droplets; symptoms like influenza and mild; can cause congenital defects in a fetus if mother infected in the first 20 wks;

Question 33

rubeola (measles)

Answer 33

highly infectious viral; spreads through droplets; replicates in lymph nodes and then spreads to the rest of the body; bright red rash starts on face and then rest of body; MMR vaccine

Question 34

tetanus (lockjaw)

Answer 34

acute bacterial disease; rare; cause is via spores found in soil, house dust, intestines of both animals and humans; when spores enter body through open wound they excrete an extremely toxic neurotoxin called tetanospasmin that attacks the CNS by interfering with synapses; involuntary muscle spasms start near site of the wound and then to whole body

Question 35

varicella (chicken pox)

Answer 35

common, highly infectious viral; vaccine; herpes zoster etiology…same virus causes chicken pox (children) and shingles (adult); transmitted through respiratory droplets; infects respiratory tract and multiplies within the lymph nodes

Question 36

anthrax

Answer 36

bacteria; commonly found in plant-eating domestic animals, such as cattle, sheep, camels, goats and deer; highly infectious; cutaneous (transmitted through skin lesion-looks like an insect bite), inhalation (similar to common cold, but develop into severe pulmonary problems and systemic shock), intestinal (ingested-abdominal pain, fever, vomiting)

Question 37

botulism (food poisoning)

Answer 37

bacterial; found all over in soil and untreated water systems; extremely potents toxins pd by the spores of the bacteria prevent the release of ACH at the neural synapse, causing paralysis of the muscles; abdominal cramping, double vision, dry mouth, etc

Question 38

infectious mononucleosis

Answer 38

teenagers and young adults; kissing disease; caused by Epstein-Barr virus or cytomegalovirus which are both types of herpes virus; remains in system rest of life; repeat infection not possible; fever, headache, sore throat, inflamed nodes on neck, inflammation of spleen

Question 39

influenza

Answer 39

acute, viral affects upper respiratory tract; spread through droplets or direct contact; symptoms mild to severe include sore throat, high fever, cough, dyspnea, muscle aches, diarrhea and vomiting; people with chronic diseases such as asthma, heart disease can have exacerbated symptoms; vaccine helps prevention

Question 40

reyes syndrome

Answer 40

rare condition in children; can result from several types of viral infections; causes encephalopathy and hepatic (liver) failure and can be fatal; increased when using aspirin during a viral disease in children

Question 41

legionnaires’ disease (pontiac fever)

Answer 41

respiratory disease and a type of pneumonia; transmission via water droplets into lungs most commonly through contaminated water supplies in shower heads, hot tubs and AC & heating systems in large bldg; not from person to person; most at risk have compromised immune systems, chronic lung disease; causes a type of pneumonia with high fever, productive cough, chills, headache and muscle aches

Question 42

meningitis

Answer 42

common in people under 30; causes are varied-intestinal illnesses, herpes simplex virus and west nile; causes inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord; viral is more mild; bacterial is serious and can be fatal; signs-fever, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, severe headaches, meningismus, tachypnea; vaccine

Question 43

Toxic shock syndrome

Answer 43

form of sepsis, bacterial infection of the whole body; staphylococcal or streptococcal bacteria; caused by response of the immune system to the exotoxins, collectively called pyrogenic toxin superantigens pd by bacteria; linked to pneumonia, osteomyelitis and skin and gynecological infections; high fever, hypotension, teachycardia, cardia arrhythmias, etc

Question 44

streptococcus

Answer 44

bacteria responsible for several skin conditions (cellulitis or erysipelas and impetigo); also cause strep throat, pneumonia, strepococcal TSS, meningitis and infection that destroys the deep muscle fascia called necrotizing fasciatis

Question 45

variola (smallpox)

Answer 45

eradicated, but kept and could be used for terrorism; variola virus; extremely infectious and spread by saliva droplets and by secretions from the skin rash on bedding and clothing; symptoms-high fever, severe headache and backaches, rash and turns to pus filled spots which crust over and extreme fatigue