Chapter 12

Question 1

Genes

Answer 1

Physical and functional unit of heredity, sequence of DNA that codes for a protein
Each has a specific locus on chromosome

Question 2

Homologous Chromosomes

Answer 2

Chromosomes with the same genes in same location
Diploid cells have a pair of each (one from each parent)

Question 3

Alleles

Answer 3

Gene variation (same location on homologous chromosomes)

Question 4

Dominant

Answer 4

Trait which has same physical appearance when an individual has two copies of the trait or one copy of the dominant trait and one copy of the recessive trait

Question 5

Recessive

Answer 5

Trait that appears “latent” of non expressed when the individual also carries a dominant trait for that same characteristic

Question 6

Genotype

Answer 6

Genetic makeup of organism
Ex: (Brown/Brown= BB) (Brown, Blue=Bb)
(Yellow, Yellow=YY) (Yellow,Green= Yy)

Question 7

Phenotype

Answer 7

Observable trait
Ex: (Yellow, Green)

Question 8

Homozygous

Answer 8

Two identical alleles for a given gene on the homologous chromosome
Ex:(yy=homozygous recessive)

Question 9

Heterozygous

Answer 9

Two different alleles for a given gene on the homologous chromosome
Ex:(Yy heterozygous)

Question 10

True Breeding

Answer 10

Produce offspring of the same variety
Ex:(PPxPP) or (pp,pp)

Question 11

Hybrid

Answer 11

Mating two true breeding individuals that have different traits
Ex:( PPxpp= Pp)

Question 12

(P) Signifies

Answer 12

Dominant alleles

Question 13

( p ) Signifies

Answer 13

Recessive alleles

Question 14

(PP)

Answer 14

Homozygous Dominant

Question 15

( pp ) signifies

Answer 15

Homozygous Recessive

Question 16

(Pp) signifies

Answer 16

Heterozygous

Question 17

Genes segregate __________ into ___________

Answer 17

Equally, Gametes

Question 18

Offspring have an _______ likelihood of inheriting ____ combination of factors

Answer 18

Equal, any

Question 19

True breeding plants ______ have offspring that all express ________ trait (F1 generation)

Answer 19

(PPxPP), Dominant

Question 20

All F1 generation plants will be ___

Answer 20

Pp

Question 21

F2 generation ____ have a ratio of ____ of phenotypic traits

Answer 21

(PpxPp cross), 3:1

Question 22

Visual representation of a cross between two individuals in which the _____ of each individual are denoted along the top and side of a grid, respectively, and the possible _____ are recombined at each box in the grid.

Answer 22

Gametes, Offspring

Question 23

Cross between two true breeding parents that express diffferent traits for only one characteristic

Answer 23

Monohybrid

Question 24

May be cross between true breeding (homozygous) individuals (PP x pp ), or between identical heterozygous (PpxPp)

Answer 24

Monohybrid Cross

Question 25

Step one to solving genetic problem

Answer 25

Code the Alleles and identify which is dominant/ recessive

Question 26

Step 2 to solving genetic problems

Answer 26

Determine parental or given genotypes

Question 27

Step 3 to solving genetic problems

Answer 27

Determine parental or given GAMETES

Question 28

Step 4 to solving genetic problems

Answer 28

Draw punnet square

Question 29

Step 5 to solving genetic problem

Answer 29

Determine genotype and phenotype rations

Question 30

P stands for _____

Answer 30

Parents

Question 31

F stands for filial ______

Answer 31

Offspring

Question 32

F1

Answer 32

First generation offspring of parents

Question 33

F2

Answer 33

Second generation offspring of parents

Question 34

Test Cross

Answer 34

Used to determine wether an organism that expressed a dominant trait was a heterozygote or homozygous

Question 35

Must use two punnet squares

Answer 35

Test cross

Question 36

Test cross: both squares have the _____ recessive as one pair of alleles

Answer 36

Homozygous

Question 37

Test cross: The other two squares have the homozygous _________ alleles on one square and the heterozygous allele on the other

Answer 37

Dominant

Question 38

Genes do not influence each other with regard to sorting of alleles into gametes

Answer 38

Mendels’s law of independent assortment

Question 39

Every possible combination of alleles is equally likely to occur

Answer 39

Mendels law of independent assortment

Question 40

One allele is not fully dominant over its partner

Answer 40

Incomplete dominance

Question 41

The heterozygote phenotype is somewhere between the two homozygote, resulting in a 1;2;1 phenotype ratio in F2 offspring

Answer 41

Incomplete dominance

Question 42

What happens if a allele is found on a sex chromosome ?

Answer 42

Normal, carrier, affected

Question 43

Two nonincedintal allele of gene are both fully expressed in heterozygote, so nether is dominant in multiple allele systems

Answer 43

Codominance

Question 44

Gene with three or more allele in a population
EX; (ABO Blood types)

Answer 44

Multiple allele systems

Question 45

Test for dominance relationships between allele at two loci

Answer 45

Dihybrid Crosses

Question 46

Gene at one locks alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus typically one gene product suppresses the effect of another

Answer 46

Epistasis

Question 47

EX: Coat color in dogs
-Allele B and B designated (Black, brown)
-Two recessive allele suppresses color

Answer 47

Epistasis