Chapter 11 (NERVOUS TISSUE) - Histoworld Flashcards
What are the supporting cells in the central nervous system called?
Neuroglia
Which of the following is an element of the peripheral nervous system?
All of the above (receptors, brachial plexus, ganglia, sciatic nerve)
- CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. All other nervous system elements are considered to be in the PNS. Thus PNS includes receptors, the brachial plexus, the sciatic nerve, and ganglia.
What are most neurons in the body?
Multipolar
- Most neurons in the body (over 99%) are multipolar.
Neurons can be classified based on the number of axons and dendrites stemming off of the cell body. A unipolar neuron has one process which branches off of it This process then immediately divides into two. Thus, a unipolar neuron is sometimes also called a pseudounipolar neuron. Sensory neurons are unipolar.
A bipolar neuron has two process that branch from it: an axon and a dendrite. Bipolar neurons are not very common and are found in some of the organs for special senses. Bipolar neurons are found in the retina, inner ear, and the region of the nose involved with smell.
Multipolar neurons have one axon and many (at least two) dendrites that branch off of it. Most neurons are multipolar. Motor neurons and interneurons are multipolar.
What is the cell body of a neuron called?
Perikaryon
- A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the central nervous system. Cell body of a neuron is called a perikaryon or soma. An astrocyte is a supporting cell seen in the CNS. The basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic seen in neuron cell bodies is called Nissl, Nissl bodies or Nissl substance. The terminal bouton or an axon terminal or end bulb is the end portion of an axon. The terminal bouton will be associated with another neuron in a synapse.
Which cell is a macrophage found in the central nervous system?
Microglia
Which type of neuron is multipolar?
Both a and b (motor neurons and interneurons)
What provides tensile strength to a neuron?
Neurofilaments
- The meninges are composed of the three connective tissue covers which surround the brain and spinal cord. White matter is myelinated nerve fibers. Gray matter is essentially neuron cell bodies and associated dendrites or unmyelinated axons. Nodes of Ranvier are the gaps that occur in the myelin sheath. Neurofilaments are a type of intermediate filaments seen in neurons which provide rigidity and tensile strength.
What are the supporting cells in the central nervous system called?
Neuroglia
Which of the following is an element of the peripheral nervous system?
A. Receptors B. Brachial plexus C. Ganglia D. Sciatic nerve E. All of the above
E. All of the above
*CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. All other nervous system elements are considered to be in the PNS. Thus PNS includes receptors, the brachial plexus, the sciatic nerve, and ganglia.
What are most neurons in the body?
Multipolar
*Most neurons in the body (over 99%) are multipolar. Neurons can be classified based on the number of axons and dendrites stemming off of the cell body. A unipolar neuron has one process which branches off of it This process then immediately divides into two. Thus, a unipolar neuron is sometimes also called a pseudounipolar neuron. Sensory neurons are unipolar. A bipolar neuron has two process that branch from it: an axon and a dendrite. Bipolar neurons are not very common and are found in some of the organs for special senses. Bipolar neurons are found in the retina, inner ear, and the region of the nose involved with smell. Multipolar neurons have one axon and many (at least two) dendrites that branch off of it. Most neurons are multipolar. Motor neurons and interneurons are multipolar.
What is the cell body of a neuron called?
Perikaryon
*A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the central nervous system. Cell body of a neuron is called a perikaryon or soma. An astrocyte is a supporting cell seen in the CNS. The basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic seen in neuron cell bodies is called Nissl, Nissl bodies or Nissl substance. The terminal bouton or an axon terminal or end bulb is the end portion of an axon. The terminal bouton will be associated with another neuron in a synapse.
Which cell is a macrophage found in the central nervous system?
Microglia
Which type of neuron is multipolar?
A. Motor neurons
B. Interneurons
C. None of the above
D. Both a and B
d. Both a and b (motor neurons and interneurons)
What provides tensile strength to a neuron?
Neurofilaments
*The meninges are composed of the three connective tissue covers which surround the brain and spinal cord. White matter is myelinated nerve fibers. Gray matter is essentially neuron cell bodies and associated dendrites or unmyelinated axons. Nodes of Ranvier are the gaps that occur in the myelin sheath. Neurofilaments are a type of intermediate filaments seen in neurons which provide rigidity and tensile strength.
Which meninges is made of a delicate web like connective tissue?
Arachnoid
*The meninges cover the brain and spinal cord. There are three: dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater. The dura mater is the outer meninx. The dura mater is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. The arachnoid is made of a delicate spider web like connective tissue. The pia mater is the innermost meninx. It covers the brain intimately.
What are the conglomerations of gray matter deep within the cerebrum and cerebellum called?
Nuclei
*A group of fibers traveling together to a destination is a tract. Islets of Langerhans are seen in the pancreas. Soma is another term for a neuron cell body. The outer part of the brain is gray matter called the cortex. The conglomerations of gray matter deep within the cerebrum and cerebellum are called nuclei.
Which of the following is involved in the blood brain barrier?
Astrocytes
*Astrocytes are the most abundant and the largest. These are star shaped cells involved in the blood brain barrier. Ependymal cells line the ventricles and spinal canal. Oligodendrocytes form myelin in the central nervous system. Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages. Schwann cells are seen in the peripheral nervous system and are not considered neuroglia. Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.
Which of the following forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system? a
Schwann cells
Which of the following is an element of the central nervous system?
Spinal cord
What are motor neurons?
Multipolar
*Neurons can be classified based on the number of axons and dendrites stemming off of the cell body. A unipolar neuron has one process which branches off of it. This process then immediately divides into two. Thus, a unipolar neuron is sometimes also called a pseudounipolar neuron. Sensory neurons are unipolar. A bipolar neuron has two processes that branch from it: an axon and a dendrite. Bipolar neurons are not very common and are found in some of the organs for special senses. Bipolar neurons are found in the retina, inner ear, and the region of the nose involved with smell. Multipolar neurons have one axon and many (at least two) dendrites that branch off of it. Most neurons are multipolar. Motor neurons and interneurons are multipolar.
What is a collection of cell bodies outside the CNS called?
Ganglion
What is tissue which surrounds a nerve fascicle?
Perineurium
The colloquialism “gray matter” refers to somebody using his intellect or reasoning ability. In reality, what is gray matter?
Cell bodies
Where is the cerebrospinal fluid?
Subarachnoid space
Which of the following are considered to be part of the meninges?
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
What is the outer gray matter of the brain called?
Cortex
Which of the following is the most abundant neuroglia cell?
Astrocytes
Which of the following is a supporting cell found in the ganglia?
Satellite cells
Which of the following is an element of the central nervous system?
Brain
What are interneurons?
Multipolar
Which of the following is supporting cell of the central nervous system?
10,000,000,000 (10 to the 10th)
*There are 10,000,000,000 (10 to the 10th) to 100,000,000,000 (10 to the 11th) neurons.
What are the gaps that occur within the myelin sheath?
Nodes of ranvier
What is the dura mater composed of?
Dense irregular connective tissue
Where is gray matter?
Outer surface of cerebrum and cerebellum
Inner portion of spinal cord
What surrounds a nerve?
Epineurium
*Endoneurium surrounds a nerve fiber. Perineurium surrounds a bundle of nerve fibers. Epineurium surrounds a nerve.
Which of the following lines the ventricles?
Ependymal cells
What percentage of neurons are interneurons?
- 9%
* Interneurons are the neurons between the sensory and motor neurons. 99.9% of all neurons are interneurons.
What are sensory neurons?
Unipolar and pseudounipolar
*Sensory neurons are unipolar. Unipolar neurons are sometimes also called pseudounipolar.
What is the end of an axon called?
Terminal bouton
*The terminal bouton is the end portion of an axon. It is also called an axon terminal or end bulb. The terminal bouton will be associated with another neuron in a synapse.
What is the connective tissue covering around the brain and spinal cord?
Meninges
Which meninx is made of a dense irregular connective tissue?
Dura mater
What is a group of fibers traveling together?
Tracts
Where is white matter?
Outer surface of the spinal cord
Inner portion of the brain
Which of the following forms myelin in the central nervous system?
Oligodendrocytes
What is the primary component of myelin
Lipid
Which of the following is found in the cerebellum?
Basket cells
What are neurons in the retina?
Bipolar
What are the basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum seen in neurons called?
Nissl
All of the following are properties of neurons, except:
High mitotic rate
*Neurons do not divide; therefore they do not have a high mitotic rate. Neurons have a high metabolic rate. They are unable to survive long without oxygen. They have an extremely long longevity, lasting a lifetime. Neurons are specialize for conduction. They send signals via a nervous impulse.
Which type of neuron is also called an internuncial neuron?
Interneurons
What is white matter?
Myelinated nerve fiberd
What is another term for the cell body of a neuron?
Soma
What is the covering of a nerve fiber?
Endoneurium
Which of the following is the CNS macrophage?
Microglia
Which of the following is found in the peripheral nervous system?
Schwann cells
Where is the ependyma found?
Lining ventricles and spinal canal
What surrounds a bundle of nerve fibers?
Perineurium
Which meninx covers the brain intimately?
Pia mater
Which of the following is the largest neuroglia cell?
Astrocytes
Which of the following is NOT considered neuroglia
Schwann cells
*Neuroglia are the supporting cells of the central nervous system.
What is the innervation of an eccrine sweat gland?
Cholinergic; sympathetic
*Eccrine sweat glands are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. The neurotransmitter for the eccrine sweat glands is acetylcholine. Thus it is cholinergic.
What is the innervation of an apocrine sweat gland?
Cholinergic; motor
*Apocrine sweat glands are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. The neurotransmitter for the apocrine sweat glands is norepinephrine. Thus it is adrenergic.
