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Sociology 100 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Social Control?

A

Various ways that individuals are controlled. They are actions intended to prevent, correct, punish, or cure people, behaviours or characteristics that are considered unacceptable .

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2
Q

What is Deviance?

A

Acts that go against (or deviate) from norms

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3
Q

What are Crimes?

A

Normative expectations that are formalized by the state (into laws)

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4
Q

What is Deviant?

A

A word that is sometimes used to refer to unacceptable acts or behaviours but is also sometimes used to refer to people in their entirety

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5
Q

What are the types of Social Control?

A 
Formal
Informal
Preventive
Retroactive
It can be directed at other people or directed at other people at or ourselves
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6
Q

What is Formal Social Control?

A

Social control implemented through some sort of official channel, supported by some kind of authority

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7
Q

What is Informal Social Control?

A

Social control found in everyday actions

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8
Q

What is Retroactive Social Control?

A

Social control after the act

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9
Q

What is Preventative social control?

A

Social control before the act, educating us not to do the act

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of norms?

A

They are socially constructed, change overtime, and vary across groups so something that is considered normative in one context may not be in others

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11
Q

What do Scholars say Deviance is?

A

An objective trait that is inherently unacceptable and warranting social control

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12
Q

What are the different ways people propose we rate deviancy?

A

By how common it is
By its normative violation (like butting violates a norm)
By its harm
By how its viewed negatively by most people

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13
Q

What do some people argue about deviance and its objectivity?

A

Some people argue that it is not objective but a behaviour is deviant if there is enough support from powerful people/groups in society to categorize it as deviant.

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14
Q

What kind of deviation do criminologists focus on?

A

Criminal acts

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15
Q

What is Crime?

A

Any behaviour that violates criminal law

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16
Q

What is the first viewpoint about how laws people laws? (Consent)

A

There is a consensual understanding that sees laws written to control those behaviors we all find unacceptable. Suggests that we consent to the laws being created

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17
Q

How does the Conflict View see laws?

A

The conflict view sees those in the ruling class in the position to normalize their own behaviour and oppress the powerless through laws

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18
Q

How does the Interactionist viewpoint view laws?

A

It sees that laws are created as problems are presented through special interest groups and then brought to the interest of powerful bodies they engage to deal with those problems. Ex. Domestic violence groups bringing their issue to the government

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19
Q

What does the Balanced view say about how laws are created?

A

Laws are developed through special interest groups, attitudes of the majority and the interests of the powerful

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20
Q

What is the Common Law system?

A

Where decisions made by the courts set precedents that shape decision making in similar cases in the future

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21
Q

What is Private Law or Civil law?

A

It is law between citizens like suing your neighbor

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22
Q

What is Public Law?

A

Crimes that are understood to be against society and are more serious with more serious punishments

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23
Q

What does Criminal fall under?

A

Public Law

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24
Q

What are the two crime classifications?

A

Perceived Seriousness and Intended victim of harm

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25
Q

How are Crimes broken down in Perceived seriousness?

A

Summary Conviction
Indictable offences
Hybrid Offences

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26
Q

What are Summary Convictions?

A

Less serious crimes with corresponding less serious punishments like theft that would receive a find or jail time no more than 6 months in jail, or both

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27
Q

What are Indictable Offences?

A

Most serious crimes like murder, drug-trafficking, terrorism, and human trafficking

28
Q

What are Hybrid offenses?

A

Offences that can be prosecuted as either a summary conviction offense or an indictable offense, depending on how the specific case shakes out and how the prosecution elects to proceed

29
Q

What factors shape hybrid offenses?

A 
The seriousness
Their record
The notoriety of the case in the community
Court resources
Statute of limitations
Complexity
30
Q

What do the two measures of collecting crime statistics measure?

A

Only crimes reported to the police and that have resulted in convictions

31
Q

What did the term super-predator lead to?

A

It led to many misconceptions many people have about an increasingly violent, uncontrollable level of crime (that is not supported by research)

32
Q

What is a victimization survey?

A

When a general survey is sent out to the public and asks if they been victims of crimes

33
Q

What are White Collar Crimes?

A

Misappropriation of financial resources, things like misusing investment money

34
Q

What are Corporate crimes?

A

Crimes done by organizations or individuals through the course of their employment like false advertising or failing to comply with safety regulations

35
Q

What is Organized crime?

A

When two or more people are involved in illegal activities for gain such as gang-related crimes, the distribution and dealing of drugs and oftentimes human trafficking

36
Q

What are the 3 sections of the criminal justice system?

A

Police
Court
Corrections

37
Q

What are police in the criminal justice system?

A

The front line who are involved with detecting and apprehending individuals who have committed crimes

38
Q

What is the court involved in with the criminal justice system?

A

Hearing cases, giving sentencing

39
Q

What does corrections do in the criminal justice system?

A

Enacting sentences i.e. prison time, parole

40
Q

Why is punishment used as a consequence of crime?

A

It is intended to deter future crime

41
Q

What are the two ways punishment can deter crime?

A

General Deterrence and Specific deterrence

42
Q

What is Specific Deterrence?

A

When the offender is deterred from future criminal acts

43
Q

What is General Deterrence?

A

When others are deterred from criminal acts by virtue of seeing public offenders punished

44
Q

What do Abolitionists want?

A

Dismantling of the criminal justice system b/c prisons does not take into account social circumstances, it only wants social control, they are not appropriate for rehab among many other reasons

45
Q

What is Restorative Justice?

A

Repairing harms and rebuilding relationships between victims and perpetrators of crimes

46
Q

What are the three theories that explain the cause of deviance?

A

Functionalist theories
Learning theories
Social control theories

47
Q

What do Functionalists argue about deviance?

A

Functionalists argue the social structure causes deviance

48
Q

What are institutionalized goals?

A

The goals we are supposed to aspire to in order to be considered successful

49
Q

What are Legitimate means?

A

The socially accepted ways of achieving wealth, power and prestige

50
Q

What is Innovation?

A

When people find alternative means to obtain goals like crime and cheating

51
Q

What is Ritualism?

A

People reacting this way give up on the goals but keep doing the means. Crappy job and just accepting you’ll never have success

52
Q

What is Retreatism?

A

People here give up on the goals and means

53
Q

What is Rebellion?

A

People give up on institutionalized oals and legitimate means but adopt new goals and means

54
Q

What does Social Learning theory say about why we become deviant?

A

We become deviant because we have been rewarded (or not punished) for it in the past, or because we see others being rewarded for it

55
Q

What does Differential association theory say about why we become deviant?

A

We become deviant because in small intimate groups we learn more deviant techniques and motives compared to conforming techniques that we might otherwise learn if we were part of different (less deviant) groups

56
Q

What does Neutralization theory say about why we become deviant?

A

We become deviant because we are able to justify that what we are doing is actually okay

57
Q

What does Social bonds theory argue?

A

That social bonds that we have with others will deter us from crime

58
Q

What are the 4 bonds in social bond theory?

A

Attachment
Commitment
Involvement
Belief

59
Q

What is Attachment?

A

Emotional attachment to others

60
Q

What is commitment?

A

Someone who has to much to lose by acting in deviant ways

61
Q

What is Involvement?

A

Someone who is too busy with their conventional lives (e.g., school, work, family) to have time for deviance

62
Q

What is Belief?

A

People who think that acting in conforming ways is the “right” thing to do, so they just do it on principle

63
Q

What does Social control theory say?

A

We develop self control in early childhood to stop ourselves from being deviant

64
Q

What is interactionism about?

A

The construction of meaning through interactions with significant others and generalized others

65
Q

What does Labelling Theory argue?

A

That once we have been labelled deviant based on acts of primary deviance, we may engage in secondary deviance as a result of the label

66
Q

What do critical theories argue?

A

For understandings that conceive those with power trying to hold on to it at the top of society

67
Q

What do Postmodern theories argue about deviance?

A

Self surveillance- We monitor our own behaviors in order to prevent from being considered deviant

Sociology 100 (14 decks)

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