Chapter 11 Flashcards
proto oncogenes can
mutate into oncogenes
oncogenes
help transform a normal cell into a tumor cell
not a cleavage furrow but a
cell plate
retain PM adhesion proteins that help them properly ahchored to other cells
benign
Dolly was cloned from an
adult somatic cell
Telomerase
reverse telomere shortening o
when does telomere shortening occur
after DNA replication
Proteins that regulate expression of dNA repair enzymes
tumor suppressor genes
cancer occurs when a malignant neoplasm
physically and metabolically disrupts body tissues
cell does what it’s supposed to
interphase
Centrioles are
microtule barrels at right angles to each other
dense region in the cytoplasm containing centrioles
centrosome
what breaks down in prophase
nuclear envelope breaks down and nucleolus disappears
Prophase
centrioles move to opposite poles and spindle fibers form
In prophase chromosomes are now __
condensed and visible
where are kintekore fivers located
centromere
what do kintecore fibers do
pull chromosomes
polar fibers go from ____ and provide ____
pole to pole
stability
Mitotic spindle in completely formed (made of spindle fibers and microtubules)
metaphase
the middle aka
metaphase plate
___ are pulled to opposite poles
sister chromatids
after pulled to opposite pulls, they are referred to as
true chromosomes
Telophase: __ forms around each __
nuclear envelope
chromosome
is nucleolus visible in telophase?
yes
What disassembles in telophase
spindle fibers
after PMAT cells go to
interphase
are centrioles already there in interphase
yes
what are 2 main parts of cell cycle
interphase
cell division
what is interphase made of
g1, s, g2
what is cell division made of
mitosis
cytokinesis
only one copy of each info in
interphase
G2 purpose
prepare for division
mitosis results in
two identical diploid somatic cells
enzymes are
helikase
primase
Polymerase
Ligase
white blood cells
limphasites
what are in G0
limphasites and neurons
why are memory cells stored in G0?
to be ready for another attack (they record memories of making antibodies)
cells might enter G0 after
G1
checkpoitnts after
G1 and G2
period of massive growth
G1
makes organelles ready
G1
additional growth and replicating structures needed for divison
G2
detours to G0 if
not going to undergo diviosn
you can have
copied and uncapped homologous pair
> < is
uncopied homologous pair chromosomes
XX is
copied homogenous pair of chromosomes
tall lots acne learning disabilities feminine fat deposits fertility issues
Trisomy 23
XXY
trisomy 23
brakes on cell cycle keep cells in
G1
Nutrient availability
DNA damagee
Completion of DNA copyingqchckpoin genes
checkpoint genes
what form contractile line down midline
actin and myosin
Plant:
dissassemle mirotubles, which move vesicles to midline
shorten by __ each recplication
100 chromosmes
replace lost nucleotides
telomerase
when telomerase removed in mice
telomeres unnaturally short
can checkpoint genes mutuate
y
Benign
cysts, warts, tumor
growth factors can be
proto-oncogenes
most neoplasms have mutations resulting in overavbundance of
Epidermal growth factor receptor
lead to proteins that interfere with tumor suppressors
HPV
tumor suppressors
inhibit mitosis
normally, pro ones
code for proteins that help regulate cell division
what have abnormal chromosome number
malignant cells
use fermentation
malignant cells
what are immortal and replace mortal cells
stem cells
___ in sex cells run in families
oncogene mutations
create polio vaccine
Hela
Most common
Pigmented
Least dangerous
Basal cell carcinoma
2nd most common
pink and firm
under surface
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant melanoma is
pigmented
Hela person
Henrietta Lacka
oncogenes are
cancer causing genes
do plant cells have centrosomes
no
vesicles cluster before
mitosis ends
__ are duplicated before prophase
centrosomes
cytoplasm divides between
A and T
__ makes cleavage furrow
contractile ring of action and myosin
