Chapter 10 - Developmental Psychology

Question 1

Developmental psychology

Answer 1

study of how behaviour changes over the lifespan

Question 2

post-hoc fallacy

Answer 2

false assumption that because 1 event occurred before another event, it must have caused that affect

Question 3

Cross-sectional design

Answer 3

research design that examines people at different ages at a single point of time

Question 4

Cohort effect

Answer 4

effect observed in a sample of participants that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time

Question 5

Longitudinal design

Answer 5

research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time

Question 6

Gene-environment interactions

Answer 6

situation in which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed

Question 7

Nature via nurture

Answer 7

tendency of individuals with certain genetic predispositions to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of these pre-dispositions

Question 8

Gene expression

Answer 8

activation of deactivation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development

Question 9

Teratogen

Answer 9

an environmental factor that can exert a negative impact in prenatal development

Question 10

Sensorimotor

Answer 10

No thought beyond immediate physical experiences (Birth-2 years)

Question 11

Preoperational

Answer 11

Able to think beyond the here and now, but ego centric and unable to perform mental transformations (2-7 years old)

Question 12

Concrete Operations

Answer 12

Able to perform mental transformations but only on concrete physical objects (7-11 years)

Question 13

Formal Operations

Answer 13

Able to perform hypothetical and abstract reasoning (11 years +)

Question 14

Assimilation

Answer 14

Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures

Question 15

Accommodation

Answer 15

Piagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience

Question 16

Conservation

Answer 16

Piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation in the physical presentation of an amount, the amount remains the same

Question 17

Scaffolding

Answer 17

Vygotskian learning mechanism in which parents provide initial assistance in children’s learning, but gradually remove structure as children become more competent

Question 18

Zone of proximal development

Answer 18

Phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction

Question 19

Theory of mind

Answer 19

ability to reason about what other people know or believe

Question 20

Contact comfort

Answer 20

positive emotions afforded by touch

Question 21

Mono-operation bias

Answer 21

drawing conclusions on the basis of only a single measure

Question 22

Psychosocial crisis

Answer 22

dilemma concerning an individual’s relations to other people

Question 23

Secure attachment

Answer 23

(60%) infant reacts to mom’s departure by being upset, but greets her return with joy

Question 24

Insecure-avoidant attachment

Answer 24

(15-20%) infant reacts to mom’s departure with indifference and shows little reaction on her return

Question 25

Insecure-anxious attachment

Answer 25

(15-20%) infant reacts to mom’s departure with panic, then shows mixed emotional reaction to her return

Question 26

Disorganized attachment

Answer 26

(5-10%) infant reacts to mom’s departure and return with an inconsistent and confused set of responses