Chapter 1 - Intro to Psychology

Question 1

Psychology

Answer 1

the scientific study of the mind, brain, and behaviour

Question 2

multiply determined

Answer 2

produced by many factors

Question 3

naive realism

Answer 3

the belief that we see the world precisely as it is

Question 4

confirmation bias

Answer 4

the tendency to seek out evidence that supports beliefs and deny/dismiss or distant evidence that contradicts them

Question 5

belief perseverance

Answer 5

tendency to strive to our initial beliefs, even when evidence contradicts them

Question 6

ad hoc immunizing hypothesis

Answer 6

escape hatch or loophole that defends a theory; used to protect their theory from falsification

Question 7

apophenia

Answer 7

perceiving meaningful connections among unrelated and even random phenomena

Question 8

pareidolia

Answer 8

tendency to perceive meaningful images in meaningless visual stimuli

Question 9

scientific skepticism

Answer 9

approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind, but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them

Question 10

correlation-causation theory

Answer 10

error of assuming that because one thing is associated with another, it must cause the other

Question 11

falsifiable

Answer 11

capable of being disproved

Question 12

structuralism

Answer 12

school of psychology that aimed to identify the basic elements of psychological experience (E.B Titchner)

Question 13

functionalism

Answer 13

school of psychology that aimed to understand the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics (William James/Darwin)

Question 14

behaviourism

Answer 14

school of psychology that focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking at observable behaviour (John B. Watson)

Question 15

cognitive psychology

Answer 15

school of psychology that examines the relation between brain functioning and thinking (Jean Piaget and Ulric Neisser)

Question 16

psychoanalysis

Answer 16

school of psychology that focuses on internal psychological processes of which we are unaware; impulses, thoughts and memories (Freud)

Question 17

P of ST: Ruling out Rival Hypothesis

Answer 17

have important alternative explanations for the findings been excluded

Question 18

P of ST: Correlation vs Causation

Answer 18

Can we be sure that A causes B?

Question 19

P of ST: Falsifiability

Answer 19

Can the claim be disproved; must be able to be tested

Question 20

P of ST: Repliciablity

Answer 20

Can the results be duplicated in other studies?

Question 21

P of ST: Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence

Answer 21

Is the evidence as strong as the claim?

Question 22

P of ST: Occam’s Razor

Answer 22

If 2 explanations account equally well for a phenomenon, we should generally select the more parsimonious one