Chapter 10 Flashcards
The movement of gases from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Diffusion
The diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide that takes place between the alveoli and circulating blood
Pulmonary respiration
The diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide that takes place between the cells and circulating blood
Cellular respiration
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Anemia
A disease that causes low amounts of hemoglobin in the blood
The exchange of gases
Respiration
The exchange of gases between alveoli and the blood
External respiration
Gas exchange Between the blood and the cells
Internal respiration
Low levels of oxygen
Hypoxia
Chemoreceptors
Special sensor in the cardiovascular system detect increasing levels of carbon dioxide as well as low levels of oxygen
The production of breathing to the point where oxygen intake is not sufficient to support life
Respiratory failure
When breathing completely stops
Respiratory arrest
Adequate breathing
Need supplemental oxygen due to a medical or traumatic condition
Respiratory failure interventions
Assisted ventilation pocket mask bag valve mask or FROPVD
Respiratory arrest interventions
Artificial ventilation pocket mask bag valve mask FROPVD
10-12 breaths per min adult
20 breaths per min infant or child
FROPVD
Flow restricted oxygen powered ventilation device
Signs of adequate breathing
Look -Adequate an equal expansion of both sides of the chest on inhale, expose and visually inspect the chest
Listen-listen for air entering and leaving the nose mouth and chest should be present in equal on both sides free of gurgling gasping crowing beating snoring and stridor
Feel-Air moving out of the nose or mouth
Adequate breathing rates
Adult 12 to 20 per minute
Child 15 to 30 per minute
Infant 25 to 50 per minute
Rhythm-regular
Depth-adequate
Major causes of Hypoxia
A patient trapped in a fire Emphysema Overdoses on drug depressing effect on respiratory system Patient heart attack Stroke Shock
Forcing air or oxygen into the lungs when a patient has stopped breathing or has in adequate
Positive pressure ventilation artificial ventilation
Side effects of positive pressure
Decrease in cardiac output dropping blood pressure
Gastric distention
Hyperventilation
Gastric distention
Filling stomach with air through the esophagus
Side effects vomiting and restriction of movement of the diaphragm
Hyperventilation
Ventilate to quickly causes too much carbon dioxide to be blown off vasoconstriction can limit blood flow to the brain
Adequate ventilation
Rise and fall of chest
Appropriate rate 10 to 12 per minute for adults
20 per minute in children
minimum of 20 per minute in infants
Inadequate artificial ventilation
Chest is not rise and fall
rate of ventilation is too fast or too slow
Proper artificial ventilation for patients with rapid ventilation
Seal mask to the face squeeze bag with patients inhalation deliver ventilation with the start of patient’s own inhalation Increase volume of breaths but ventilating fewer times per minute but greater volume per breath
Proper artificial ventilation for patient slow ventilation
Squeeze bag every time patient begins to inhale if rate is very slow then ventilate between patients own to obtain a rate of approximately 10 to 12 per minute 20 for children and infants
CPAP
Continuous positive airway pressure
BIPAP
Biphasic continuous positive airway pressure
NPPV
Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation
BVM
Self refining shell that is easily cleaned and sterilized must have a non-jam valve that allows oxygen in the flow of 15 L per minute valve should be nonrebreathing not subject to freezing in cold temperatures
Standard 15/22 respiratory fitting
Bvm stats
Without reservoir delivers 50% oxygen
With reservoir delivers 100% oxygen
The bag holds anywhere from 1000 to 1600 mL of air
Deliver breaths every 5 sec for adult
Every 3 for ahold or infant
Stoma
Surgical opening in the neck which the patient breaths out of
Stoma bvm
Clear mucus or secretions from stoma keep head in a neutral position
Use pediatric size mask
If unable to ventilate stoma deal stoma Family through mouth and nose will only work if trachea is still connected to passageways mouth nose pharynx
FROPVD
Manually triggered ventilation device
Oxygen 100% up to 40 L per minute
Inspiratory pressure relief valve opens at approximately 60 cm o water pressure
Audible alarm when the relief valve is activated
Oxygen therapy
21% percent oxygen in the atmosphere
Oxygen is a drug oxygen can cause harm In perfusion situations at cellular level
heart attack or stroke Anaerobic metabolism builds up in the cell when perfusion is restored oxygen reacts with free radicals causing significant damage at the cellular level
Oxygen cylinders
D 350 liters 0.16 E 625 liters 0.28 M 3,000 liters 1.56 G 5,300 liters 2.41 H 6,900 liters 3.14 K 3.14
Never let tank go below 200 psi
Green or white United States and uk
Always use a pressure gauges regulator tubing
Always use nonferrous oxygen wrenches plastic or non Iron metals
Pressure regulator
Connect to cylinder provide safe working pressure 30 to 70 psi
